The Fantastic Laboratory of Dr. Weigl: How Two Brave Scientists Battled Typhus and Sabotaged the Nazis (71 page)

Tarasyuk, Oleksandra, 1–2

Taraxacum kok-saghyz
, 221–22

Tarnów, 15

Tarski, Alfred, 51

tattoos, 213, 220

Taylor, Telford, 267–68

Teller, Edward, 50

tents, for delousing, 26, 67

testes, of guinea pigs, 239

tetanus, 31

Texas, University of, at Galveston, 301–2

Theory and Practice of Hell, The
(Kogon), 207, 236, 281

Third Army, U.S., 259–61

Third Part of the Night, The
(A.
uławski), 230–31, 278

Thomas à Becket, 14

thought collectives, 10–11, 58, 79, 84–91, 141, 241, 296, 302

esoteric circles of, 85–86, 288

exoteric circles of, 85–86, 288

religious organizations as, 85

of vaccine making, 238, 242–46

ticks, 17, 20–21

Tikhvin, 183

TNT, 116–17

toad dance, 226

Tonko (Henryk Vogelfänger), 49

torture, 103–4, 132, 200

trans-Siberian railway, 33

Treblinka, 74, 99, 218

Trefouel, Jacques, 195

trench fever, 27, 160

treponeme, 88–89

triangles, on Nazi prison uniforms, 100

Trojnar, Józef, 15

troop doctors, 94

troops:

British, 26, 181, 233, 280

German,
see
German troops

troops, U.S., 95

vaccination of, 181

Trotsky, Leon, 33

tuberculosis, 17, 53, 187, 225, 279

Tunis, 24, 62, 94

Twardowski, Kazimierz, 54

twin experiments, 224

Tyfus
, 20

typhoid fever, 20, 31, 57, 104, 208, 224

Nazi view of, 90

testing of, at Buchenwald, 208–9

Typhoid Mary, 87

typhos
, 20

typhus:

backache, symptom of, 21

campaigns, fieldwork in, 67, 95

deafness, symptom of, 22

diagnosis of, 53

endemic, 95–96, 108

in Ethiopia, 96, 98

fear of, 5, 96, 100–101, 119, 136, 187, 202, 254–55

hallucinatory symptoms of, 20–24, 37, 107, 155

human survivors of, 18

immunity to, 35, 62

inoculation against, 65–67, 69, 94–96, 98

as “Jewish disease,” 5, 100–101, 108, 118–19,
118
, 187

latent infections of, 18

lice carriers of, 2, 18, 20–21, 24, 28–30, 36–38, 62–63, 90–91, 163, 300

memory loss, symptom of, 22

mental distress, symptom of, 22

Nazi view of, 90–91, 100–101, 136, 140–42, 187

in nonepidemic periods, 67, 91–92, 95, 187, 271, 277

other names for, 24

outbreaks in labs, 64

psychotic reactions to, 155, 185, 205–6

rash of, 21, 36

reduction in, 66

in Russia, 25–26, 31–35

similarity of syphilis to, 89

strains of, 98

“Typhus” (Chekhov), 24

Typhus Cabaret, 165

Typhus Commission, U.S., 299

typhus epidemics, 13–14, 18–19, 28, 41–42, 65, 94, 96, 190

civilian infection in, 183–84, 186

demographic effects of, 35

as last in Europe, 300

in remote locations, 301

reporting restrictions on, 185–86

statistics on, 14, 24, 26, 28, 34–35, 38–39, 98, 181–83, 186–87, 194

trains’ spread of, 33–34

in war, 24–35, 100, 118–21, 167, 181–90, 194, 201, 299

typhus publications, of World War I, 28

typhus regions, 34, 66, 95

typhus research:

in Africa, 95

control group in, 201

difficulties with, 2–3, 11, 17–19, 31, 55–56, 238

of Fleck, 156–58, 217, 302

in Germany, 94–95, 188–89

germ cultivation in, 11, 18–19, 55–56

postwar period of, 277

in World War II, 5, 7, 11, 14–15, 156–59, 193, 201–10, 217, 224

typhus wards, 22–24,
22

Ufa, 23

Ukraine, Ukranians, 1–3, 5, 15–16, 32, 46, 66, 72, 73, 112, 128–32

language of, 111

militias of, 138, 159

typhus of Jews in, 34–35

World War I typhus in, 20

Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, 113

Ukrainian Communist Party, 114

Ukrainian nationalists, 125–28, 302

Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, 110

national assembly of, 111–12

postwar period in, 279, 282–84

Ulam, Stanisław, 50, 51, 152

Umschweif, Bernard, 158, 177, 212–13, 225–26, 256–57, 280

Umschweif, Karol, 177–78, 212–13, 226, 280

Umschweif, Natalia “Nusia,” 177–78, 212–13, 257, 280

underdeveloped countries, 90

underground activities, 161–64, 171, 268

underground weapons factory, 257

United Nations, 256

War Crimes Commission of, 236

United States:

occupation forces of, 281

scientists of, 94–95, 266

in World War II, 181, 259

United States v. Carl Krauch
, 271

United States v. Karl Brandt et al.
, 265

Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 256

urine, 128, 168, 224

donors of, 167

typhoid vaccine from, 156–58, 167–68, 212, 302

V-1 rockets, 197, 249

V-2 rockets, 197, 248

vaccination campaigns, 65–67, 69, 94, 95, 98, 180–81, 271

wartime difficulties of, 183

of Wehrmacht, 191

vaccine:

animal lungs for, 194, 204, 233, 237–39, 240, 244–47, 270, 281

clinical trials of, 61, 164, 168, 201

of Cox, 181, 190, 299, 300

demand growing for, 67–69, 115, 167, 189–91

eggs as basis of, 122, 189–91, 202, 204

empirical phase of development, 190

in Ethiopia, 98

French version of, 95

harmless vs. efficacious types of, 246–47

innovations in, 108

killed-typhus, 193

manufacturing of, 67, 72, 106–8

mass production of, 144–47, 246

preparation of, 67–70, 143–47, 190

production misunderstandings and, 242–45, 250

shortage of, for troops, 167, 189–91, 193

against typhus, 3, 7, 11–12, 25, 36–38, 40, 61–66, 94–95, 106–8, 166, 174, 188–89, 201–8

urine basis of, 156–58, 167–70

U.S. version of, 95

Vetter, Helmuth, 209

Vichy France, 194

Vienna, 14, 16, 50, 55, 56, 76, 94

Vienna Circle, 76

Vilnius, 283

viruses, research in, 20, 31, 94

Volk
, 80

Volksdeutsche
, 15, 120, 134, 149, 153, 165, 220

von Braun, Wernher, 249, 266

von Neumann, John, 152

Waffen-SS, 105, 192

Hygiene Institute of, 191, 200, 212, 233, 268

Walbaum, Jost, 119–20, 140–41, 272

Waldman, Ernestyna, 54

Walker, David, 301

Wansee Conference, 193, 218

war crimes trials, 265, 267

War Department, U.S., 266

war fever, 24

Warsaw, 42, 62, 120, 140, 142, 173–74, 188, 271

Grace Hospital in,
22

Mother and Child Hospital of, 292

Warsaw ghetto, 119, 121–23, 138, 140, 161, 164–65, 173–74

health care in, 122, 156, 174, 271

typhus in, 119–23, 140, 142,
164
, 170

Warsaw Uprising, 252

Wassermann, August Paul von, 88

Wassermann test, 88–89

problems with, 89

water filters, 192

water issues, 89, 91–92, 299

research into, 224

Wawel Castle, 105

weaponry, at concentration camps, 197, 259

Weber, Bruno, 212–13, 215–16, 220–21, 223–27

animal sympathies of, 227

postwar escape by, 264–65

Wehrmacht, 80, 95, 109, 126–27, 131, 133, 136, 139, 162, 180, 194, 273

Army Group Center of, 190

Army Group North of, 183

barracks of, 106–7, 138

doctors of, 181–83, 187, 233

health inspectorate of, 95, 108, 166, 182, 184, 193

hygienists of, 184–85

Institute for Virus and Typhus Research of, 107, 165

scorched-earth policy of, 186

Sixth Army of, 179–80

supply office of, 193–95

tank troops of, 190

typhus in, 181, 183–90, 201

vaccine for, 164, 172, 181, 191, 247, 252

see also
German troops

Weigl, Friedrich, 107–8, 252

Weigl, Fryderyk, 278–79, 289–90

Weigl, Olga, 252

Weigl, Rudolf Stefan, 2–6, 14–17,
19
,
30
,
63
, 92,
148
,
278

absent-mindedness of, 71–72, 77

accidents in lab of, 64

archery interest of, 77–78,
78
, 98, 162, 231

circle of, 133–34

colleagues protected by, 116, 136, 139, 148–49, 152, 170–72, 275

creativity of, 19–20, 36–37, 68, 70

designs of, 44, 68, 71, 78

Ethiopia trip of, 95–98, 117

family routines of, 42–45,
44
, 97

human vaccine testing of, 61–64

Jews in lab of, 53–54, 170–72

louse inoculation technique of, 19–20, 36, 42, 55–56, 62, 67–68, 144

in Lwów, 41–45, 61–65, 67, 97, 98

Nazi cooperation of, 133–35, 176, 194, 230–31, 274–78

Nazi mistrust of, 174

Polish identity of, 38, 135

political naivete of, 96–97

postwar life of, 274–79

Przybylkiewicz and, 276–77, 279

publications of, 37–38, 55–56, 70–71, 115

renown of, 42, 45, 63, 65, 95–97

reputation of, 290

research labs of, 2–3, 5–6, 14, 16, 19, 36–38, 40–43, 45, 53, 55–66, 161

in Soviet occupation, 113–15

stigmatizing of, 277–79, 289, 290

typhus infection of, 36–37

vaccine of,
see
Weigl vaccine

Warsaw ghetto link of, 121–23, 142, 161, 164–65, 170, 275

Weigl, Wiktor, 42–45,
44
, 47, 64, 65, 77, 97, 115, 117, 127, 277

Weigl, Zofia Kulikowska, 36–37, 42–43,
44
, 97, 117

Weigl clamp, 68,
68

Weigl lab,
19
,
148
, 256

breeding unit at, 148–49

expansion of, 67, 114, 136

film about, 230–31, 278, 303

as force for good, 275

intellectual life of, 149–52

lice raised in, 67, 143–44

Nazi deception of, 143, 161–65

Nazi years of, 79, 92, 107, 135–39, 143–54, 158–66, 170–77, 230–31

occupational illnesses of, 160

as portrayed in film, 278, 303

postwar memories of, 277–78, 303

Soviet period in, 115–17, 121–24

technical innovations in, 67–68

Weiglowka
, 160

“Weigl’s glory,” 44–45

Weigl strain, 145, 300

Weigl vaccine, 61–62, 94–96, 107, 114, 188–89, 231

black market in, 121–23

effectiveness of, 188, 190–91, 233, 275, 300

mass production of, 144–47, 176, 300

in postwar Poland, 277–78, 288

as standard-of-care prophylactic, 201

steps in creation of, 143–47

Weil, Edmund, 30–31, 64, 185

Weil-Felix test, 36, 64, 157, 185

false positives in, 185

Weimar, 99, 100, 248, 259

Weindling, Paul, 193, 267

Western Allies, 265–66, 284

scientists of, 266

western Ukraine, 111–12

White Army, 32–33, 34, 38

white blood cells, 286

“White Rabbit, The,” 253, 282

Wiedergutmachung
, 297

Wiener, Norbert, 152

Wiesenthal, Simon, 126

Wilhaus, Gustav, 137

Wilson, Woodrow, 38, 72–73

Wirths, Eduard, 216, 219–20, 235

suicide of, 264

Witkiewicz, Ignacy, 59–60

Wittlin, Józef, 53

Wohlrab, Rudolf, 122, 173–75, 189

Wójcik, Ryszard, 230, 274

Wojtyla, Karol, 131

Wolff, Władisław, 64

women, 287, 292

at Auschwitz, 219

in Birkenau, 213, 215–16

World War I, 14, 38, 94, 113

eastern front in,
27
, 187

typhus epidemics of, 2–3, 20, 23, 24–32, 62, 144–45

western front in, 26–27

World War II, 3

eastern front in, 7, 23, 167, 179, 181–86, 189, 201, 211–12, 218

populations after, 283

Woyciechowska, Stanisława, 136

Wrazidlo, Irene, 99

Wrocław, 283, 285, 294

Wyszy
ski, Cardinal Stefan, 289