The Great Big Book of Horrible Things: The Definitive Chronicle of History's 100 Worst Atrocities (115 page)

2.
Desbarats and Jackson, "Vietnam 1975–1982."

3.
In addition to the sources listed above, compare Elizabeth Becker (
When the War Was Over (New York: PublicAffairs, 1998), p. 534), who cites the UN High Commissioner on Refugees that 250,000 boat people died at sea and 929,600 reached asylum; Hanson,
Carnage and Culture, p. 425, reporting 50,000 to 100,000 dead; and Nayan Chanda,
Brother Enemy (San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1986), p. 247, writing that 30,000 to 40,000 died at sea (also in Marilyn Young,
The Vietnam Wars: 1945–1990 (New York: HarperCollins,1991), p. 306).

4.
Butler, "Agony of the Boat People."

5.
"Boat People; Their Endless Ordeal,"
San Diego Union-Tribune, June 25, 1989; Weiss, "Timing Is Everything."

Democratic Kampuchea

1.
Chirot,
Modern Tyrants, p. 223.

2.
Ben Kiernan, "The Cambodian Genocide," in Samuel Totten et al., eds.,
Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts, 2nd ed. (New York: Routledge, 2004), pp. 345–346.

3.
Ker Munthit, "AP Interview: Ex-Khmer Rouge Leader Acknowledges for First Time That Regime Committed Genocide," Associated Press, December 30, 2003.

4.
Chirot,
Modern Tyrants, p. 228.

5.
Ibid., pp. 218–220.

6.
Ibid., p. 229; Ben Kiernan, "The Cambodian Genocide," in Samuel Totten et al., eds.,
Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts, 2nd ed. (New York: Routledge, 2004), pp. 339–342.

7.
Sarah Jackson-Han, "Pol Pot Said to Be Tried and Sentenced after 18 Years in Hiding," Agence France Presse, July 29, 1997.

8.
Ker Munthit, "Khmer Rouge Leader Pol Pot Dies," Associated Press, April 16, 1998.

9.
Denis D. Gray, "Cambodians Recall Khmer Rouge Massacres," Associated Press, May 21, 1987.

10.
Chirot,
Modern Tyrants, p. 209.

11.
Ben Kiernan, "The Cambodian Genocide," in Samuel Totten et al., eds.,
Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts, 2nd ed. (New York: Routledge, 2004), p. 348.

Mozambican Civil War

1.
Lawless, "After the Terror" (500,000); Jensen, "Peace Is as Difficult as War" (600,000); Christie, "Mozambique Celebrates Year of Democracy" (at least 800,000); Ottaway, " 'Slave Trade' in Mozambicans" (between 600,000 and 1 million); Pakenham, "Where a Million Died" (nearly a million); Edgerton,
Africa's Armies, p. 109 (at least 1 million).

2.
Pakenham, "Where a Million Died," quoting William Finnegan,
A Complicated War: Harrowing of Mozambique (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1996).

3.
Lawless, "After the Terror"; Christie, "Mozambique Celebrates Year of Democracy"; Edgerton,
Africa's Armies, pp. 109–114; Ottaway, " 'Slave Trade' in Mozambicans"; Pakenham, "Where a Million Died"; Jensen, "Peace Is as Difficult as War."

4.
"U.S., Edging Higher, Ranks as World's 7th-Richest Nation,"
New York Times, December 30, 1994.

Angolan Civil War

1.
Duke, "Will Peace Take Hold in Angola?" (500,000); Sieno, "Angolan Peace Talks Restart" (500,000); Salopek, "Inklings of Peace Intrude" (500,000); Marcus, "Relentless War Wears on Angolans" (more than 450,000).

2.
Ray Fisman, "Diamonds Are a Guerrilla's Best Friend: Why Was War Good for Angola's Big Miners?"
Slate, August 17, 2007,
http://www.slate.com/id/2172333
.

3.
GlobalSecurity.org, "Cuba,"
http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/cuba/intro.htm
(accessed March 15, 2011).

Ugandan Bush War

1.
Williams, "Uganda Marks" (500,000); Wasswa, "Uganda's First Prime Minister" (500,000); Berkeley, "African Success Story?" (300,000); Edgerton,
Africa's Armies, p. 155 (300,000); Marshall, "Obituary: Milton Obote" (100,000).

2.
Berkeley, "African Success Story?"; Kaplan, "Starting Over"; Marshall, "Obituary: Milton Obote"; Wasswa, "Uganda's First Prime Minister"; Williams, "Uganda Marks."

Post-Colonial Africa

1.
Millard Burr,
Quantifying Genocide in Southern Sudan and the Nuba Mountains (Washington, DC: U.S. Committee for Refugees, 1998).

2.
"Burundi Civil War Claims 260,000 Lives—UNFPA," Panafrican News Agency (PANA) Daily Newswire, April 25, 2004.

3.
Republic of Liberia, Truth and Reconciliation Committee,
Final Report: vol. 1:
Preliminary Findings and Determinations (2009), p. 44, http://www.trcofliberia.org/reports/final/volume-one_layout-1.pdf (accessed March 18, 2011).

Soviet-Afghan War

1.
The median of several published estimates. See
http://www.necrometrics.com/20c1m.htm#Afghanistan
.

2.
David Zucchino, " 'The Americans . . . They Just Drop Their Bombs and Leave,' "
Los Angeles Times, June 2, 2002; Coll,
Ghost Wars, p. 40.

3.
Mark J. Porubcansky, "Top Soviet Officer in Afghanistan Opposed Intervention," Associated Press, September 19, 1989; Gerald Nadler, "Soviets Had Hand in Overthrowing Afghan President," United Press International, May 4, 1989.

4.
Soll Sussman, "CIA Almost Sure of Afghan Massacre, Senator Says," Associated Press, March 4, 1980.

5.
"Soviet Military in Unconfirmed Report Linked to Massacre of 900 Civilians," Associated Press, March 27, 1985; "Hundreds of Civilians Reportedly Killed by Soviets in Afghanistan," Associated Press, February 26,1985.

6.
Bouloque, "Communism in Afghanistan," in Courtois et al.,
Black Book of Communism, p. 718.

7.
"Here Is a Chronology of Some of the Main Events in the War in Afghanistan . . . ," Associated Press, February 15, 1989.

8.
"Afghan War Cost Soviet Union More Than 70 Billion Dollars," Reuters News, June 7, 1989.

9.
Stephen Daggett, "Costs of Major U.S. Wars," Congressional Research Service Report for Congress (RS22926), updated July 24, 2008,
http://www.history.navy.mil/library/online/costs_of_major_us_wars.htm
.

Saddam Hussein

1.
Niko Price, "Survey: Saddam Killed 61,000 in Baghdad," Associated Press, December 9, 2003, cites U.S. Government, (300,000 killed by Saddam across Iraq), "Human rights officials" (500,000), and "some Iraqi political parties" (over a million). Ken Roth, "War in Iraq: Not a Humanitarian Intervention," Human Rights Watch, January 2004,
http://www.hrw.org/wr2k4/3.htm
, estimates 250,000.

2.
Hirst, "Saddam Hussein."

3.
Chirot,
Modern Tyrants, p. 303.

4.
Ibid., p. 305.

5.
Hirst, "Saddam Hussein."

6.
Michael J. Kelly,
Ghosts of Halabja: Saddam Hussein and the Kurdish Genocide (Westport, CT: Praeger Security International, 2008), p. 34.

7.
Michiel Leezenburg, "The
Anfal Operations in Iraqi Kurdistan," in Samuel Totten et al., eds.,
Century of Genocide:
Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts, 2nd ed. (New York: Routledge, 2004), pp. 374–393.

8.
"Anfal: Campaign against the Kurds," BBC, June 24, 2007; Michiel Leezenburg, "The
Anfal Operations in Iraqi Kurdistan," in Samuel Totten et al., eds.,
Century of Genocide:
Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts, 2nd ed. (New York: Routledge, 2004), pp. 374–393. The Kurds claim 182,000 died. Human Rights Watch estimates 100,000.

Iran-Iraq War

1.
The median of nineteen published estimates (military deaths only). See
http://www.necrometrics.com/20c300k.htm#Iran-Iraq
. Iran officially reports that 11,000 of their civilians were killed. This is one of the few major wars of the twentieth century to kill more soldiers than civilians.

2.
Bulloch and Morris,
Gulf War; Pipes, " Border Adrift."

3.
Michael Brzoska, "Profiteering on the Iran-Iraq War,"
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (June 1987); William Hartung, "Nations Vie for Arms Markets,"
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (December 1987).

4.
Clodfelter,
Warfare and Armed Conflicts, vol. 2, p. 1072.

5.
Ibid., p. 1084.

Sanctions against Iraq

1.
Suellentrop, "Are 1 Million Children Dying in Iraq?"

2.
"Iraqi Death Toll,"
Frontline: The Gulf War, PBS, January 9, 1996,
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/gulf/appendix/death.html
; Carl Conetta, "The Wages of War: Iraqi Combatant and Noncombatant Fatalities in the 2003 Conflict," Project on Defense Alternatives, Research Monograph no. 8, October 20, 2003,
http://www.comw.org/pda/0310rm8.html
.

3.
John Prescott, "Iraq's Contraband Trail Goes Inland as Sea Blockade Bites,"
Lloyd's List, October 3, 1995.

4.
Johnson, "Trip to Baghdad Reveals a Nation Sagging."

5.
Welch, "Politics of Dead Children."

6.
Kaplow, "Consequences of Kuwait."

7.
Shenon, "Washington and Baghdad Agree on One Point."

8.
Leon Howell, "Churches Regret Calling for Sanctions,"
Times Union (Albany, NY), March 21, 1998.

9.
Brian Nelson and Jane Arraf, "Ten Years after Iraq's Invasion of Kuwait and U.N. Sanctions Still Stand,"
CNN WorldView, August 6, 2000, 18:00.

10.
Carl Conetta, "The Wages of War: Iraqi Combatant and Noncombatant Fatalities in the 2003 Conflict," Project on Defense Alternatives, Research Monograph no. 8, October 20, 2003, note 93,
http://www.comw.org/pda/0310rm8.html#N_93_
.

11.
Kaplow, "Consequences of Kuwait."

12.
Suellentrop, "Are 1 Million Children Dying in Iraq?"

Somalian Chaos

1.
Bradley S. Klapper, "Internally Displaced Somalis Face Widespread Abuses: Campaigners," Associated Press, November 24, 2004; The Nation, "No Running Away from Somalia,"
Africa News, June 29, 2007; "Failed State: 15 Years of Horror in Somalia," Agence France Presse, June 5, 2006.

2.
Miller, "Marines Pull Last Peacekeepers out of Somalia."

3.
Hassan, "Somali Warlord Says Battle for Mogadishu Not Over"; Miller, "Marines Pull Last Peacekeepers Out of Somalia."

Rwandan Genocide

1.
Kiernan,
Blood and Soil, p. 555; Berkeley,
Graves Are Not Yet Full, pp. 257–258.