The History of the Medieval World: From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade (90 page)

5.
J. M. Wallace-Hadrill,
The Long-Haired Kings and Other Studies in Frankish History
(1962), pp. 25–26; Orosius, book 7.

6.
Peter Heather,
The Goths
(1996), pp. 148–149.

Chapter Fourteen
The Gupta Decline

1.
David Christian,
A History of Russia, Inner Asia and Mongolia
(1998), p. 248.

2.
Procopius,
History of the Wars, Secret History, and Buildings
, book 3; Wilhelm Barthold,
An Historical Geography of Iran
, trans. Svat Soucek (1984), pp. 19–20; Thapar,
Early India
, p. 286.

3.
Radha Kumud Mookerji,
The Gupta Empire
(1969), pp. 70, 74.

4.
Sastri,
History of South India
(1966), p. 109.

5.
D. K. Ganguly,
The Imperial Guptas and Their Times
(1987), pp. 108–109.

6.
H. C. Ray,
The Dynastic History of Northern India (Early Mediaeval Period)
, 2d ed., vol. 1 (1973), p. xxxiii; Mookerji, p. 92; Thapar,
Early India
, p. 286; Hermann Kulke,
A History of India
, 4th ed. (2004), p. 90.

7.
Keay, p. 102; Sastri,
History of South India
, p. 444.

8.
Sastri,
History of South India
, p. 83.

9.
Ibid., p. 117.

10.
Michael, pp. 96–97.

Chapter Fifteen
Northern Ambitions

1.
MacGowan (1897), p. 201.

2.
Ibid., p. 202.

3.
Ibid., p. 208.

4.
Gernet, pp. 175–176, 181.

5.
Ibid., pp. 190–191.

6.
Ch’en, p. 61.

7.
Fabrizio Pregadio,
Great Clarity
(2005), p. 6.

8.
Fitzgerald,
China
, p. 267.

9.
MacGowan, p. 211.

10.
Paludan, p. 219.

11.
MacGowan, p. 214.

Chapter Sixteen
The Huns

1.
Jordanes, 24. pp. 86–87.

2.
Ammianus,
Later Roman Empire
, 31.2; Thompson, pp. 48, 54.

3.
Thompson, p. 68.

4.
Jordanes, 35.181–182; Nestorius,
The Bazaar of Heracleides
, trans. G. R. Driver and Leonard Hodgson (1925), 2.2.

5.
Leo the Great, “Letter XIV,” in Schaff and Wace,
Select Library
, vol. 12.

6.
Ostrogorsky, p. 59.

7.
Thompson, p. 113.

8.
Ibid., p. 116.

9.
Priscus’s account as preserved in Jordanes, 24.178–179.

10.
Thompson, pp. 144–145.

11.
J. B. Bury, “Just Grata Honoria,”
The Journal of Roman Studies
, 9 (1919), p. 9.

12.
Ibid.

13.
Jordanes, 42.224.

14.
Bury,
History of the Later Roman Empire
, vol. 1, p. 199.

Chapter Seventeen
Attila

1.
Gregory of Tours, 2.6.

2.
Ian Wood,
The Merovingian Kingdoms, 450–751
(1994), p. 37.

3.
Jordanes, book 38.

4.
Hydatius,
The Chronicle of Hydatius and the Consularia Constantinopolitana
, trans. R. W. Burgess (1993), p. 101; Jordanes, book 40.

5.
Jordanes, book 42.

6.
Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen,
The World of the Huns
(1973), p. 141.

7.
Ibid., p. 139; Hydatius, p. 103; Jordanes, book 43.

8.
Ibid., book 49.

Chapter Eighteen
Orthodoxy

1.
Kelly
Early Christian Doctrines
, pp. 331, 339; Letter 28, “To Flavian, commonly called ‘the Tome.’” in Schaff and Wace,
Select Library
, vol. 12.

2.
Collins, p. 74.

3.
Letter 93, “From the Synod of Chalcedon to Leo” Letter 104, “Leo, the Bishop, to Marcian Augustus” Letter 105, “To Pulcheria Augusta about the self-seeking of Anatolius” Letter 106, “To Anatolius, Bishop of Constantinople, in rebuke of his self-seeking,” all in Schaff and Wace,
Select Library
, vol. 12.

4.
Yeghishe,
History of Vartan and the Armenian War
, 2d ed. (1952), pp. 4, 11.

5.
Ibid., p. 75.

6.
al-Tabari,
History
, vol. 5, p. 109.

Chapter Nineteen
The High Kings

1.
O Hogain, p. 211. Niall’s exact dates are impossible to determine; he ruled in Ireland sometime between 390 and 455.

2.
Tom Peete Cross and Clark Harris Slover, eds.,
Ancient Irish Tales
(1936), p. 510.

3.
Ibid., p. 512.

4.
Patrick,
Confession
, in Joseph Cullen Ayer,
A Source Book for Ancient Church History
(1913), pp. 568–569; Bede,
Bede’s Ecclesiastical History of the English People
, ed. Bertram Colgrave and R. A. B. Mynors (1969), 1.1.

5.
Louise T. Moore et al., “A Y-Chromosome Signature of Hegemony in Gaelic Ireland.”
The American Journal of Human Genetics
, 78 (Feb. 2006), pp. 334–338.

6.
O Hogain, pp. 212–213.

7.
Gildas,
The Ruin of Britain and Other Works
, trans. Michael Winterbottom (1978), 19.1.

8.
O Hogain, pp. 214, 217 (O Hogain notes that “the sources…are confused and largely unreliable,” making this a
probable
sequence of events); Gildas, 23.1.

9.
Bede, 1.15; Gildas, 23.4.

10.
Geoffrey of Monmouth, 6.10.

11.
Gildas, 24.2–3.

12.
Nennius,
History of the Britons
, 42, in J. A. Giles,
Old English Chronicles
(1908).

13.
M. J. Swanton, trans. and ed.,
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
, (1998), p. 13.

Chapter Twenty
The End of the Roman Myth

1.
C. D. Gordon,
The Age of Attila
(1960), p. 51.

2.
Ibid., pp. 51–52; Bury,
History of the Later Roman Empire
, vol. 1, pp. 182–183.

3.
Bury,
History of the Later Roman Empire
, vol. 1, p. 235.

4.
Procopius,
History of the Wars and Buildings
, trans. H. B. Dewing, vol. 2 (1916), 3.25–26.

5.
Bury,
History of the Later Roman
Empire, vol. 1, p. 237.

6.
Procopius,
History of the Wars and Buildings
, trans. H. B. Dewing, Vol. 5 (1928), VII.4–13.

7.
Hydatius (1993), p. 113.

8.
Ibid., p. 115.

9.
Collins, p. 33.

10.
Sidonius Apollinaris,
Letters
, trans. O. M. Dalton (1915), 1.5.

11.
O Hogain, p. 215.

12.
Jordanes, 45.237–238.

13.
Gordon, p. 122.

14.
Jordanes, book 46, p. 119.

Chapter Twenty-One
The Ostrogoths

1.
Bury,
History of the Later Roman Empire
, vol. 1, pp. 230–231.

2.
Ibid., p. 252.

3.
Jordanes, 46.243.

4.
Collins, p. 33; Bury,
History of the Later Roman Empire
, vol. 1, pp. 278–279.

5.
John Moorhead,
Theoderic in Italy
(1992), pp. 16–17.

6.
Ibid., pp. 19–20.

7.
Anonymous Valensianus, quoted in Thomas S. Burns,
A History of the Ostrogoths
(1984), p. 72.

8.
Moorhead, p. 30.

9.
Ibid., pp. 73, 100–101, 140–142.

10.
Moorhead, p. 60; Procopius,
History of the Wars and Buildings
, trans. H. B. Dewing, vol. 3 (1919), 5.2.

11.
Gregory the Great,
The Dialogues of St. Gregory
, ed. Edmund G. Gardner (1911), 2.3.

12.
Benedict,
The Holy Rule of St. Benedict
, trans. Boniface Verheyen, OSB (1949), prologue.

13.
Gregory the Great,
The Dialogues
(1911), II.12.

14.
Henry Bettenson and Chris Maunder, eds.,
Documents of the Christian Church
, 3rd ed. (1999), p. 141.

Chapter Twenty-Two
Byzantium

1.
Joshua the Stylite,
The Chronicle of Joshua the Stylite
, trans. W. Wright (1882), 1.

2.
Procopius,
History of the Wars and Buildings
, vol. 1 (1914), 1.3; Joshua the Stylite, 10–11.