The History of White People (53 page)

22
See Luigi Marino,
Praeceptores Germaniae: Göttingen 1770–1820
(Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1995), 112–16.

23
See Britta Rupp-Eisenreich, “Des choses occultes en histoire des sciences humaines: Le Destin de la ‘Science Nouvelle’ de Christoph Meiners,”
L’Ethnographie
2 (1983): 151. See also Frank W. P. Dougherty, “Christoph Meiners und Johann Friedrich Blumenbach im Streit um den Begriff der Menschenrasse,” in
Die Natur des Menschen: Probleme der physischen Anthropologie und Rassenkunde (1750–1850)
, ed. Gunther Mann and Franz Dumont (Stuttgart: Fischer, 1990), 103–4, Marino,
Praeceptores Germaniae
, 111–14, and Suzanne Zantop, “The Beautiful, the Ugly, and the German: Race, Gender and Nationality in Eighteenth-Century Anthropological Discourse,” in
Gender and Germanness: Cultural Productions of Nation
, ed. Patricia Herminghouse and Magda Mueller (Providence, R.I.: Berghahn Books, 1997), 23–26.

24
See Zantop, “The Beautiful, the Ugly, and the German,” 28–29, and
Colonial Fantasies
, 87–90.

25
David Bindman,
Ape to Apollo: Aesthetics and the Idea of Race in the 18th Century
(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2002), 219–20.

26
Quotes in Zantop, “The Beautiful, the Ugly, and the German,” 28–29. See also Rupp-Eisenreich, “Des choses occultes en histoire des sciences humaines,” 151, and Dougherty, “Christoph Meiners und Johann Friedrich Blumenbach,” 103–4, Marino,
Praeceptores Germaniae
, 111–14.

27
Léon Poliakov,
The History of Anti-Semitism
(Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003), 136; Baum,
Rise and Fall of the Caucasian Race
, 98.

CHAPTER 7: GERMAINE DE STAËL’S GERMAN LESSONS

1
J. Christopher Herold, one of her best-known biographers, entitled his book
Mistress to an Age
. See
Mistress to an Age: A Life of Madame de Staël
(Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1958). Other useful de Staël biographies include Ghislain de Diesbach,
Madame de Staël
(Paris: Perrin, 1983), Maria Fairweather,
Madame de Staël
(New York: Carroll & Graf, 2005), and Francine du Plessix Gray,
Madame de Staël: The First Modern Woman
(New York: Atlas, 2008). De Staël’s portraitist, the rococo artist Élisabeth-Louise Vigée-Lebrun (1755–1842), one of the foremost figure painters of her time, was known for her portraits of European aristocrats. One of two women admitted into the Académie Royale de Painture et de Sculpture in 1783, she had to leave France during the revolution but returned during the reign of the first Emperor Napoleon.

2
Tess Lewis, “Madame de Staël: The Inveterate Idealist,”
Hudson Review
54, no. 3 (2001): 416–26.

3
The quote is from Emile Faguet in Jean de Pange,
M
^me
de Staël et la découverte de l’Allemagne
(Paris: Société Française d’Editions Littéraires et Techniques, 1929), 9.

4
Lydia Maria Child,
The Biographies of Madame de Staël and Madame Roland
(Boston: Carter and Hendee, 1832), 24.

5
In Helen B. Posgate,
Madame de Staël
(New York: Twayne, 1968), 19.

6
Child,
Biographies
, 90, 92.

7
Ibid., 1, 16.

8
Bonnie G. Smith, “History and Genius: The Narcotic, Erotic, and Baroque Life of Germaine de Staël,”
French Historical Studies
19, no. 4 (Fall 1996): 1061.

9
In Richmond Laurin Hawkins,
Madame de Staël and the United States
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1930), 33–34, 72, 75.

10
Ibid., 9–11, 14, 27–28, 65.

11
Quoted ibid., 64.

12
Quoted ibid., 4.

13
De Staël,
De l’Allemagne
(Paris: Didot Frères, 1857), 9–10.

14
Ian Allan Henning maintains that “it is not possible to speak of Madame de Staël as a mediator between France and Germany without talking about Charles de Villers.” Kurt Kloocke, editor of the letters between Villers and de Staël, finds Villers’s influence obvious, extending, perhaps, even to a measure of the inspiration of
De l’Allemagne
. See Henning,
L’Allemagne de M
^me
de Staël et la polémique romantique: Première fortune de l’ouvrage en France et en Allemagne (1814–1830)
(Paris: Ancienne Honoré Champion, 1929), 207, and Kloocke, ed.,
Correspondance: Madame de Staël, Charles de Villers, Benjamin Constant
(Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 1993), 3.

15
Ruth Ann Crowley,
Charles de Villers, Mediator and Comparatist
(Bern: Peter Lang, 1978), 17–19.

16
De Staël,
De l’Allemagne
, 85.

17
Emma Gertrude Jaeck,
Madame de Staël and the Spread of German Literature
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1915), 7.

18
Henning,
L’Allemagne de M
^me
de Staël
, 210.

19
Ibid., 211.

20
De Staël,
De l’Allemagne
, 128, 130.

21
Vivian Folkenflik,
Major Writings of Germaine de Staël
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1987), 183.

22
Henning,
L’Allemagne de M
^me
de Staël
, 240–43, 252–53.

23
Child,
Biographies
, 82.

24
Pange,
M
^me
de Staël
, 140–41.

CHAPTER 8: EARLY AMERICAN WHITE PEOPLE OBSERVED

1
Margo J. Anderson,
The American Census: A Social History
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988), 9, 12–14; Frederick G. Bohme,
200 Years of U.S. Census Taking: Population and Housing Questions, 1790–1990
(Washington, D.C.: Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, 1989), 1.

2
Alexander Keyssar,
The Right to Vote: The Contested History of Democracy in the United States
(New York: Basic Books, 2000), xxii–xxiii, 20–34, 52–76, 102, and Sean Wilentz,
The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln
(New York: W. W. Norton, 2005), 27–28, 82–83, 17, 485. Keyssar and Wilentz both note historians’ long neglect of the basic history of the right to vote, especially with regard to class. See also Wilentz, “On Class and Politics and Jacksonian America,”
Reviews in American History
10, no. 4 (Dec. 1982): 45–48, 59.

3
J. Hector St. John de Crèvecoeur,
Letters from an American Farmer and Sketches of Eighteenth-Century America
(originally published 1782) AS@ UVA Hypertexts, Letter 3, 54, http://xroads.virginia.edu/ ~HYPER/CREV/letter03.html. Postindustrial St. Johnsbury now figures as Vermont’s capital of heroin addiction.

4
Ibid., 170. Letter 9, 223–25, 229, http://xroads.virginia.edu/ ~HYPER/CREV/letter09.html.

5
Thomas Jefferson,
Notes on the State of Virginia
(originally published 1787), AS@UVA Hypertexts, Query 18, http://xroads.virginia.edu/ ~HYPER/JEFFERSON/ch18.html.

6
Stanley R. Hauer, “Thomas Jefferson and the Anglo-Saxon Language,”
PMLA
98, no. 5 (Oct. 1983): 879, 881.

7
Thomas Jefferson, “A Summary View of the Rights of British America” (July 1774), in
The Papers of Thomas Jefferson
, ed. Julian P. Boyd et al. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1950–), 1:121–35, http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/v1ch14s10.html.

8
Dumas Malone,
The Sage of Monticello: Jefferson and His Time
, vol. 6 (Boston: Little, Brown: 1981), 202–3.

9
John Adams to Abigail Adams, Philadelphia 14 Aug. 1776, in Charles Francis Adams,
Familiar Letters of John Adams and His Wife Abigail Adams, during the Revolution, with a Memoir of Mrs. Adams
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1875), 210–11. See also Malone,
Sage of Monticello
, 6:202. For the other side of the seal, Jefferson suggested the children of Israel in the wilderness.

10
Thomas Jefferson,
Essay on the Anglo-Saxon Language
, in
The Writings of Thomas Jefferson
, ed. Andrew A. Lipscomb, vol. 18 (Washington, D.C.: Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association of the United States, 1904), 365–66.

11
Hauer, “Thomas Jefferson and the Anglo-Saxon Language,” 883–86, 891.

12
Mark A. Noll,
Princeton and the Republic, 1768–1822: The Search for a Christian Enlightenment in the Era of Samuel Stanhope Smith
(Vancouver: Regent College, 2004), 68; Mark A. Noll, “The Irony of the Enlightenment for Presbyterians in the Early Republic,”
Journal of the Early Republic
5, no. 2 (Summer 1985): 166.

13
W. Frank Craven, from Alexander Leitch,
A Princeton Companion
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978), http:://www/hsc/edu/pres/presidents/samuel_smith.html, and Hampden-Sydney College website: www.hsc.edu/hschistory/images/smith.jpg.

14
Winthrop D. Jordan, “Introduction,” in Samuel Stanhope Smith,
An Essay on the Causes of the Variety of Complexion and Figure in the Human Species
, ed. Winthrop D. Jordan (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1965), xi–xxvi, William H. Hudnut III, “Samuel Stanhope Smith: Enlightened Conservative,”
Journal of the History of Ideas
17, no. 4 (Oct. 1956): 541–43.

15
Smith,
Essay on the Causes of the Variety
, 29, 40.

16
Mary Wollstonecraft,
Analytical Review,
vol. 2 (Dec. 1788): 432–39, 457–58, in
The Works of Mary Wollstonecraft
, ed. Janet Todd and Marilyn Butler (London: Pickering, 1990), 50–55, and Ramsay Notes from New York Public Library, comp. Mary B. MacIntyre, New York, 1936 (New York Public Library APV/Ramsay: http://www.southern-style.com/ Ramsay%20Family%20Notes.htm).

17
See Hudnut, “Samuel Stanhope Smith,” 544–46.

18
Smith,
Essay on the Causes of the Variety
, 106, 157, 109.