The Internment of Japanese Americans in United States History (11 page)

13
. Daniel S. Davis,
Behind Barbed Wire: The Imprisonment of Japanese Americans During World War II
(New York: E. P. Dutton, 1982), p. 28.

14
. G. Edward White,
Earl Warren: A Public Life
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1983), p. 73.

15
. Ibid.

16
. Schwartz, p. 16.

17
. John Armor and Peter Wright,
Manzanar
(New York: Times Books, 1988), p. 20.

18
. Daniels, p. 34.

19
. Davis, p. 30.

20
. Daniels, p. 40.

21
. Ibid.

22
. Davis, p. 37.

23
. Ibid.

24
. Daniels, p. 57.

25
. “Chronology of World War II Incarceration,” p. 12.

26
. Daniels, p. 57.

27
. Wilson and Hosokawa, p. 98.

28
.
Unfinished Business: The Japanese-American Internment Cases
, Mouchette Films, 1984.

29
. Interview with Shigeo Wakamatsu, November 26, 1994.

Chapter 4
. Why Did the Guns Point Inward?

1
. Gordon Hirabayashi, "Why Review the Japanese American Wartime Crisis?" Friends, August 1–15, 1995, p. 4.

2
. Daniel S. Davis,
Behind Barbed Wire: The Imprisonment of Japanese Americans During World War II
(New York: E. P. Dutton, 1982), p. 28.

3
. Yoshiko Uchida,
Desert Exile: The Uprooting of a Japanese American Family
(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1982), p. 24.

4
. John Armor and Peter Wright,
Manzanar
(New York: Times Books, 1988), p. 5.

5
. Yoshiko Uchida,
The Invisible Thread
(New York: Julian Messner, 1991), pp. 70–71.

6
. Uchida,
Desert Exile
, p. 69.

7
. John Tateishi,
And Justice for All: An Oral History of the Japanese American Detention Camps
(New York: Random House, 1984), p. 244.

8
. Armor and Wright, front jacket.

9
. Davis, pp. 54–55.

10
. Armor and Wright, p. 164.

11
. Ibid., p. 165.

12
. Paul Bailey,
City in the Sun: The Japanese Concentration Camp at Poston, Arizona
(Los Angeles: Westernlore Press, 1971), p. 3.

13
. Armor and Wright, p. 7.

14
. Tateishi, p. 74.

15
. Budd Fukei,
The Japanese American Story
(Minneapolis: Dillon Press, 1976), p. 55.

16
. Armor and Wright, p. xii.

17
. “Sport and Community in California’s Japanese-American Yamoto Colony,”
Journal of Sports History
, vol. 19, no. 2, Summer 1992, p. 139.

18
. Uchida,
Invisible Thread
, p. 85.

19
. Interview with Shigeo Wakamatsu, November 26, 1994.

Chapter 5
. They Were Concentration Camps

1
. Yoshiko Uchida,
The Invisible Thread
(New York: Julian Messner, 1991), p. 93.

2
. Yoshiko Uchida,
Desert Exile: The Uprooting of a Japanese American Family
(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1982), p. 92.

3
. Uchida,
The Invisible Thread
, p. 105.

4
. Roger Daniels,
Concentration Camps USA: Japanese Americans and World War II
(New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 1971), p. 96.

5
. Dorothy Thomas and Richard Nishimoto,
The Spoilage: Japanese-American Evacuation and Resettlement During World War II
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969), p. 32.

6
. James Hirabayashi, “‘Concentration Camp’ or ‘Relocation Center’, What’s in a Name?”
Japanese-American National Museum Quarterly,
October–December, 1994, p. 9.

7
. Roger W. Axford,
Too Long Been Silent: Japanese-Americans Speak Out
(Lincoln, Nebr.: Media Publishing and Marketing Company, 1986), p. 40.

8
. Ibid., p. 22.

9
. William F. Keefe, “The Ivory Curtain,”
Oak Park Journal
, April 12, 1995, p. 12.

Chapter 6
. What’s This Camp Coming To?

1
. John Tateishi,
And Justice for All: An Oral History of the Japanese-American Detention Camps
(New York: Random House, 1984), p. 97.

2
. Ibid., p. 199.

3
. Ibid., p. 203.

4
. Dorothy Thomas and Richard Nishimoto,
The Spoilage: Japanese-American Evacuation and Resettlement During World War II
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969), p. 56.

5
. Ibid.

6
. Daniel S. Davis,
Behind Barbed Wire: The Imprisonment of Japanese Americans During World War II
(New York: E. P. Dutton, 1982), p. 88.

7
. Ibid.

8
. Ibid., p. 96.

9
. Thomas and Nishimoto, p. 152.

10
. Ibid., p. 157.

Chapter 7
. The 442nd Regiment

1
. Dillon Myer,
Uprooted Americans: The Japanese Americans and the War Relocation Authority During World War II
(Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1971), p. 146.

2
. Daniel S. Davis,
Behind Barbed Wire: The Imprisonment of Japanese Americans During World War II
(New York: E. P. Dutton, 1982), pp. 103–104.

3
. John Armor and Peter Wright,
Manzanar
(New York: Times Books, 1988), p. 58.

4
. Ibid., p. 59.

5
. Davis, p. 106.

6
. Gerald Parshall, “Freeing the Survivors,”
U.S. News and World Report,
April 3, 1995, pp. 58–59.

7
. Myer, p. 152.

8
. Interview with Shigeo Wakamatsu, November 26, 1984.

9
.
Strength and Diversity: Japanese American Women 1885–1990
, exhibit, Field Museum of Natural History (Chicago: January–March, 1995).

10
. Myer, p. 148.

11
. Ibid., p. 149.

Chapter 8
. Their Job Was to Uphold the Constitution

1
.
Unfinished Business: The Japanese-American Internment Cases
, Mouchette Films, 1984.

2
. Roger W. Axford,
Too Been Long Silent: Japanese-Americans Speak Out
(Lincoln, Nebr.: Media Publishing and Marketing Company, 1986), p. 4.

3
.
Unfinished Business
.

4
. Ibid.

5
. Axford, p. 5.

6
. Ibid., p. 6.

7
. Ibid., p. 7.

8
.
Unfinished Business
.

9
. Roger Daniels,
Prisoners without Trial: Japanese Americans in World War II
(New York: Hill and Wang, 1993), p. 61.

10
. Ibid., p. 62

11
. Ibid.

12
. Ibid.

Chapter 9
. A Blot on the History of Our Country

1
. John Armor and Peter Wright,
Manzanar
(New York: Times Books, 1988), p. 139.

2
. Roger Daniels,
Prisoners Without Trial: Japanese Americans in World War II
(New York: Hill and Wang, 1993), p. 79.

3
. Edward White,
Earl Warren: A Public Life
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), p. 73.

4
. John Tateishi,
And Justice for All: An Oral History of the Japanese American Detention Camps
(New York: Random House, 1984), p. 48.

5
. Armor and Wright, p. 60.

6
. Dillon Myer,
Uprooted Americans
: The Japanese Americans and the War Relocation Authority During World War II (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1971), pp. 178–179.

7
. Roger W. Axford,
Too Long Been Silent: Japanese-Americans Speak Out
(Lincoln, Nebr.: Media Publishing and Marketing Company, 1986), p. 108.

Chapter 10
. We Should Pardon the Government

1
. John Christgan,
Enemies: World War II Alien Internment
(Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1985), p. 166.

2
. Ibid. p. 181.

3
.
Unfinished Business: The Japanese American Internment Cases
, Mouchette Films, 1984.

4
. Steven A. Chin,
When Justice Failed: The Fred Korematsu Story
(Austin, Tex: Raintree Steck-Vaughn Publishers, 1993), p. 92.

5
. Yoshiko Uchida,
The Invisible Thread
(New York: Julian Messner, 1991), p. 132.

6
. John Tateishi,
And Justice for All: An Oral History of the Japanese-American Detention Camps
(New York: Random House, 1984), p. 58.

7
. Roger Daniels,
Prisoners without Trial: Japanese Americans in World War II
(New York: Hill and Wang, 1993), p. 100.

FURTHER READING

Asahina, Robert.
Just Americans: How Japanese Americans Won a War at Home and Abroad
. New York: Gotham Books, 2006.

Brimmer, Larry Dane.
Voices from the Camps: Internment of Japanese Americans During World War II
. London: Franklin Watts, 1994.

Cooper, Michael L.
Fighting for Honor: Japanese Americans and World War II
. New York: Clarion Books, 2000.

———.
Remembering Manzanar: Life In a Japanese Relocation Camp
. New York: Clarion Books, 2002.

Daniels, Roger.
Prisoners Without Trial: Japanese Americans in World War II
. New York: Hill and Wang, 2004.

Davenport, John C.
The Internment of Japanese Americans During World War II: Detention of American Citizens
. New York: Chelsea House Publications, 2010.

Oppenheim, Joanne.
Dear Miss Breed: True Stories of the Japanese American Incarceration During World War II and a Librarian Who Made a Difference
. New York: Scholastic, 2006.

INDEX

A

Alien Land Law, 10–11, 80

Arthur, Chester A., 8

assembly centers, 33–34, 41, 43, 67, 71, 74

atomic bombs, 79

B

Battle of Midway, 27

Best, Ray, 57–58

Biddle, Francis, 21–22, 75

Bowron, Fletcher, 17

Bush, George, 85

C

Cable Act, 13

Carter, Jimmy, 84

Chandler, Albert “Happy,” 56

Clark, Tom, 42, 82

Collins, Wayne, 82

Commission on the Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians (CWRIC), 84

concentration camps, 25, 32, 41–42, 63, 70, 76, 83

D

Daniels, Roger, 26

Davis, Roger, 38

DeWitt, John L., 20–24, 26–27, 32, 61–62, 67–68, 70, 72, 74, 76

Douglas, William O., 70

E

Eisenhower, Milton, 25

Endo, Mitsuye, 71–72

Eto, Manoru, 85

evacuation orders,

revocation of, 77–78

Evans, John, 48

exclusion orders, 27, 70, 72, 77

Executive Order,

revocation of, 84

F