The Odd Clauses (27 page)
Authors: Jay Wexler
The account of Norman Schwarzkopf's knighthood comes from Karen de Witt, “No Sword and No Kneeling, Schwarzkopf Is Knighted,”
New York Times,
May 21, 1991; and Christopher Hitchens, “Knighting of General Norman Schwarzkopf,”
Nation,
June 17, 1991. The Supreme Court cases described in the section on equality are Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954); Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1 (1967); Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79 (1986); and United States v. Virginia, 518 U.S. 515 (1996). Much of the information about the history of the title of nobility clauses comes from Carlton F. W. Larson, “Titles of Nobility, Hereditary Privilege, and the Unconstitutionality of Legacy Preferences in Public School Admissions,”
Washington University Law Review
84, no. 6 (2006): 1375â1440; and Jol A. Silversmith, “The âMissing Thirteenth Amendment': Constitutional Nonsense and Titles of Nobility,”
Southern California Interdisciplinary Law Journal
8 (April 1999): 577. The controversy over the Society of the Cincinnati is recounted in Larson, “Titles of Nobility.” I got the facts about the knighted Norwegian penguin from Raphael G. Satter/Associated Press, “King Penguin Receives Norwegian Knighthood at Scottish
Zoo,” ReadingEagle.com (Penn.), August 15, 2008,
http://readingeagle.com/article.aspx?id=102427
. The attorney general opinion about J. A. Udden is “Field Assistant on the Geological SurveyâAcceptance of an Order from the King of Sweden,”
Official Opinions of the Attorney General of the United States
28 (1911). The Foreign Gifts and Decorations Act can be found at 5 U.S.C. section 7342. The information about the titles of nobility amendment comes from Silversmith, The âMissing Thirteenth Amendment.' ” For more on the Twenty-seventh Amendment, and other amendments that have never been ratified, see Richard L. Berke, “More Amendments Lurk in the Mists of History,”
New York Times,
May 24, 1992. The military rank system case is United States v. Thomason, 444 F.2d 1094 (D. Cal. 1971). The magistrate case is United States v. Riley, 1991 WL 192115 (D. Kan. 1991). The driver's license case is State v. Larson, 419 N.W. 2d 897 (ND 1988). The “von” case is In re Jama, 272 N.Y.S.2d 677 (N.Y. City Civ. Ct. 1966). The article by Larson is “Titles of Nobility,” cited above. The article by Liptak is Adam Liptak, “A Hereditary Perk the Founding Fathers Failed to Anticipate,”
New York Times,
January 15, 2008. The article by Delgado is Richard Delgado, “Inequality âFrom the Top': Applying an Ancient Prohibition to an Emerging Problem of Distributive Justice,”
UCLA Law Review
32, no. 1 (1984): 100â134.
On the Military Commissions Act, see Hamdan v. Gates, 565 F. Supp. 2d 130 (D.D.C. 2008), and the February 20, 2008, decision of military judge Peter E. Brownback III in United States v. Omar Ahmed Khadr. On AIG, see Carl Hulse and David Herszenhorn, “House Approves 90% Tax on Bonuses after Bailouts,”
New York Times,
March 19, 2009. On the ACORN controversy, see ACORN v. United States, 662 F. Supp. 2d 585 (E.D. N.Y. 2009). On the commitment of sex offenders and the ex post facto clauses, see Smith v. Doe, 538 U.S. 84 (2003). On the bill of attainder clause generally, see the discussion in Zechariah Chafee Jr.,
Three Human Rights in the Constitution of 1787
(Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1956), and an unsigned student article that
turned out to have been written by John Hart Ely, “The Bounds of Legislative Specification: A Suggested Approach to the Bill of Attainder Clause,”
Yale Law Journal
72, no. 2 (1962): 330â67. On the punishment for treason in England, see J. H. Baker, “Criminal Courts and Procedure at Common Law 1550â1800,” in
Crime in England, 1550â1800
, ed. J. S. Cockburn (London: Methuen, 1977), p. 42. On the bill of attainder supported by Thomas Jefferson, see Jack Lynch, “A Patriot, a Traitor, and a Bill of Attainder,”
Colonial Williamsburg: The Journal of the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
24, no. 1 (2002): 12â17, and William Romaine Tyree, “The Case of Josiah Phillips: How Virginia Came to Pass a Bill of Attainder,”
Virginia Law Register
16, no. 9 (1910): 648â58. The Supreme Court cases discussed are as follows: Fletcher v. Peck, 10 U.S. 87 (1810); Cummings v. Missouri, 71 U.S. 277 (1867); Ex parte Garland, 71 U.S. 333 (1867); United States v. Lovett, 328 U.S. 303 (1946); United States v. Brown, 381 U.S. 437 (1965); Selective Service System v. Minnesota Public Interest Research Group, 468 U.S. 841 (1984); Nixon v. Administrator of General Services, 433 U.S. 425 (1977). Quotes from Madison and Hamilton cited in U.S. v. Brown. The case invalidating Amendment 2 is Romer v. Evans, 517 U.S. 620 (1996). The citation for Amar's article is
Michigan Law Review
95, no. 1 (1996): 203â35. Rick Hills's response is Roderick M. Hills Jr., “Is Amendment 2
Really
a Bill of Attainder? Some Questions about Professor Amar's Analysis of
Romer
,”
Michigan Law Review
95, no. 1 (1996): 236â54. The Nebraska case is Citizens for Equal Protection v. Bruning, 368 F. Supp. 2d 980 (D. Neb. 2005),
reversed by
455 F.3d 859 (8th Cir. 2006). Grassley quote: Martin Kady II, “Grassley on AIG Execs: Quit or Suicide,”
Politico,
March 16, 2009,
http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0309/20083.html
. On whether the AIG tax would have been constitutional, see Richard A. Epstein, “Is the Bonus Tax Unconstitutional?”
Wall Street Journal,
March 26, 2009, and Jonathan Adler, “More on AIG Bonus Tax as Bill of Attainder,”
Volokh Conspiracy,
March 22, 2009,
http://www.volokh.com/posts/1237734930.shtml
. The ACORN case in the Second Circuit is ACORN v. United States, 618 F.3d 125 (2nd Cir. 2010). “Somebody has to” and other quotes in that paragraph: ACORN v. United States, 662 F. Supp. 2d 285, 296 (E.D. N.Y. 2009).
Peggy Noonan's piece is called “Expect the Unexpected: Why the Third Amendment May Once Again Be Needed,” December 7, 2000, available at
www.peggynoonan.com/article.php?article=85
. The privacy cases I discuss are Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1965); Eisenstadt v. Baird, 405 U.S. 438 (1972); Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973); and Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558 (2003). On substantive due process during the
Lochner
era, see Lochner v. New York, 198 U.S. 45 (1905), and West Coast Hotel Company v. Parrish, 300 U.S. 379 (1937). For a terrific account of FDR's Court-packing plan, see Jeff Shesol,
Supreme Power: Franklin Roosevelt vs. the Supreme Court
(New York: Norton, 2010). On Justice McReynolds being a bigot, see Shesol's book at p. 102, where Shesol describes how McReynolds refused to talk to the Court's two Jewish justices at the timeâJustices Brandeis and Cardozo. On Justice Ginsburg and
Roe,
see Linda Greenhouse, “Judge Ginsburg Still Voices Strong Doubts on Rationale Behind Roe v. Wade Ruling,”
New York Times,
November 29, 2005. On Ely and
Roe,
see John Hart Ely, “The Wages of Crying Wolf: A Comment on
Roe v. Wade,
”
Yale Law Journal
82, no. 5 (1973): 920â49. On the history of the Third Amendment, the best account (and the one I discuss explicitly in the text) is probably Tom W. Bell, “The Third Amendment: Forgotten but Not Gone,”
William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal
2, no. 1 (1993): 117â50. Other accounts include William S. Fields and David T. Hardy, “The Third Amendment and the Issue of the Maintenance of Standing Armies: A Legal History,”
American Journal of Legal History
35, no. 4 (1991): 393â431; and Seymour W. Wurfel, “Quartering of Troops: The Unlitigated Third Amendment,”
Tennessee Law Review
21, no. 7 (1949): 723â37. The absurd cases I discuss are Custer County Action Association v. Garvey, 256 F.3d 1024 (10th Cir. 2001) (airspace); Jones v. Secretary of Defense, 346 F. Supp. 97 (D. Minn. 1972) (parade); Securities Investor Protection Corporation v. Executive Securities Corporation, 433 F. Supp. 470 (S.D. N.Y. 1977) (subpoena); United States v. Valenzuela, 95 F. Supp. 363 (S.D. Cal. 1951) (Housing and Rent Act). The case from New York involving the National Guard and the correction officer barracks
is Engblom v. Carey, 677 F.2d 957 (2nd Cir. 1982). The case on remand in which the lower court held that the officers had “qualified immunity” from money damages was Engblom v. Carey, 572 F. Supp. 44 (S.D. N.Y. 1983). Morton Horwitz's article is “Is the Third Amendment Obsolete?”
Valparaiso University Law Review
26, no. 1 (1991): 209â14. The ACLU cartoon can be found at
www.aclu.org/standup/comics/readbook.php?comicid=14
. A picture of the “Repeal the Third Amendment” sign can be found here:
www.flickr.com/photos/gemstone/5133666734/
. The
Onion
article can be found at
www.theonion.com/articles/third-amendment-rights-group-celebrates-another-su,2296/
. The articles about creative arguments to revive the Third Amendment are Geoffrey M. Wyatt, “The Third Amendment in the Twenty-first Century: Military Recruiting on Private Campuses,”
New England Law Review
40, no. 1 (Fall 2005): 113â64; Josh Dugan, “When Is a Search Not a Search? When It's a Quarter: The Third Amendment, Originalism, and NSA Wiretapping,”
Georgetown Law Journal
97, no. 2 (2008): 555â87; and Andrew P. Morriss and Richard L. Stroup, “Quartering Species: The âLiving Constitution,' the Third Amendment, and the Endangered Species Act,”
Environmental Law
30 (Fall 2000): 769â810. The quote that ends the chapter is from Mikulski v. Centerior Energy Corporation, 501 F.3d 555, 576 (6th Cir. 2007) (Daughtrey, J., dissenting).
Please note that page numbers are not correct for the e-book edition.
ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union), 142, 187
ACORN (Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now), 158â59, 174â75
Adams, John, 63, 144 Adams, John Quincy, 23, 28, 46
adjournment clause, 50
AIG bailout and bonuses, 158, 173â74
Albright, Madeleine, 85
Amar, Akhil, 169â70
amendments: First, ix, xiv, xvi, 98, 107, 181; Second, xiv; Fourth, ix, 182, 189; Fifth, 180, 182; Ninth, 181, 182; Tenth, 101â2; Eleventh, 100â101, 116; Twelfth, 94; Thirteenth, 106, 141; Sixteenth, 104; Eighteenth, 99, 103â6; Nineteenth, 141; Twenty-first, xvii, 99, 104, 106â11; Twenty-fifth, 92â93; Twenty-seventh, 150â51.
See also
Third Amendment; Fourteenth Amendment
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 142, 187
American Civil War, 130 American Revolutionary War, 128â29
animals, ix, xi, xiv, 18â19, 25â26, 56, 87, 95, 131, 137, 146â47, 175, 188, 192
appointments clause.
See
recess-appointments clause
armadillos, use in studying leprosy, xiv
Article I: adjournment clause, 50; commerce clause, 25â27, 107; congressional elections clause, 78; congressional
protections under, 6; ex post facto clauses, 160â61; foreign affairs powers clause, 102, 121â24, 131â34; incompatibility clause, 2, 6â9, 11, 16â19, 193; ineligibility clause, 6, 11â15; pocket veto clause, 50; separation of powers under, 3â7, 9â11, 15â19; states' rights and limitations under, 102; text of, 1, 7; war powers clause, xvi, 121â27, 131; and the War Powers Resolution, 124; weights and measures clause, 21â23, 27â29, 37, 193.
See also
bill of attainder clauses; dormant commerce clause; letters of marque and reprisal clause; title of nobility clauses
Article II: commander in chief clause, xvi, 42, 121, 122â27, 133â35; executive powers under, 3â5, 41â43; recommendations clause, xi; relevance of, 193.
See also
natural-born citizen clause; recess-appointments clause
Article III, 78; judicial powers under, 3, 59â64; original jurisdiction clause, xii, 57, 62â64, 69, 71, 75, 175, 193.
See also
bill of attainder clauses; Supreme Court, U.S.
Article IV, xi, 24, 75
Article V, 96
Article VI, 79, 102
Articles of Confederation, 99â100, 102, 134, 143
Asian tiger mosquito, 95
Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now (ACORN), 158â59, 174â75
“Attainder and Amendment 2” (Amar), 170
Aykroyd, Dan, 23, 35
Bataillon, Joseph, 171
bat-eared foxes, ix, xvi
Batson v. Kentucky,
141
Bell, Tom, 184â85, 186
Bellanca, N.Y. State Liquor Authority v.,
108â9
bill of attainder clauses: and ACORN, 158â59, 174â75; and corporate bonus taxation, xiii, 158, 173â74; defined, 159; history of, 162â65; and the Military Commissions Act, 157â58, 172â73; relevance of, 193; and sexual orientation, 2, 168â69, 170â72; text, 157
Bill of Rights, 101, 102, 159â60
birther movement.
See
natural-born citizen clause
Bolton, John, 46
Bork, Robert, 13â14, 112
Bowers v. Hardwick,
169
Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act, 101
Brewster, Benjamin, 12
Brown, Archie, 166â67
Brown v. Board of Education,
141, 175
Bush, George W., x, xiii, 39â41, 46, 51â52, 125â26, 187
Bybee, Jay, 125, 126
California Department of Alcoholic Beverage Control, 97â98
California v. LaRue,
97â98, 108
Carter, Jimmy, 42
checks and balances, 3â4, 10.
See also
separation of powers
Cheney, Dick, 1, 2
Chin, Gabriel, 89, 91
Chisholm v. Georgia,
100â101
Civil War, American, 130
Clark, Tom, 71
Clinton, Bill, xii, 6, 42, 46, 51
Clinton, Hillary, xiii, 2, 11â13, 14â15
Code of Federal Regulations, 145â46
coelacanths, 192
Colorado Amendment 2, 168â69, 170â72
Colvin, John, 151â52
commander in chief clause, xvi, 42, 121, 122â27, 133â35
“Command of the Sea” metric, 135
commerce clause, 25â27, 107
Committee on the Constitutional System, 17â18
Confederate States of America, 130
Congress: Article I powers summary, 24â25; and the congressional elections clause, 78; constitutional limitations on, 23â24, 26â27; delegation of constitutional powers by, 23, 32â34, 37â38; letters of marque and reprisal powers of, 121, 127â30, 133â35; members' protections under Article I, 6; presidential succession statute, 93â95; property clause powers, 24; war powers of, xvi, 131.
See also
dormant commerce clause doctrine; letters of marque and reprisal clause; weights and measures clause
constitutional interpretation: broad, 6, 54â55; as a “living document,” 116â17; maximalist, 107â9; minimalist, 107; pragmatic, 13, 14; strict construction, 5â6, 92; textual, 12, 13.
See also
Supreme Court, U.S.
Constitution of the United States: checks and balances, 3â4, 10; citizen's view of, 54â55; function of, xivâxvi, 3â5, 100; indeterminacy debates over, 80â82; personal liberties guarantees of, 159â60; problematic clauses symposium, 77â79, 106â7; separation of powers, 3â7, 9â11, 15â19.
See also
amendments;
Bill of Rights;
specific articles
Cooper, Charles, 14
Craig v. Boren,
109, 110
Cummings v. Missouri,
166
Cutler, Lloyd, 2, 17
Daugherty, Harry, 51
Daughtrey, Martha Craig, 192â93
declare war clause, xvi, 121â27, 131
Delgado, Richard, 156
dodo bird, 187, 192
dormant commerce clause doctrine, 74â75, 102â4, 107â8, 112
Douglas, William O., 181â82
drosophila fruit flies, xvii, 117
due process clause.
See
Fourteenth Amendment
Egyptian plover, 131, 137
Eighteenth Amendment, 99, 103â6
Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals, 171
Eisenstadt v. Baird,
179
Eleventh Amendment, 100â101, 116
Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals, 40
Ellis Island, xiii, 57â59, 70, 73â74
Ely, John Hart, 123, 132, 182
Endangered Species Act, 25â26
Engblom v. Carey,
185â86
Epstein, Richard, 174
equal protection clause.
See
Fourteenth Amendment
executive branch powers, 3â5, 41â43, 53, 131â34.
See also
letters of marque and reprisal clause; recess-appointments clause; war powers allocation
ex post facto clauses, 160â61
FactCheck.org, 86
federalism, 99â106, 160.
See also
Twenty-first Amendment
The Federalist Papers,
46, 79â80, 143
Fifth Amendment, 180, 182
First Amendment, ix, xiv, xvi, 98, 107, 181
Fletcher v. Peck,
165, 166
Ford, Gerald, 42
Foreign Gifts and Decorations Act, 148â49
44 Liquormart Inc. v. Rhode Island,
109, 110
Fourteenth Amendment: equal protection and due process clauses, ix, xvi, 24, 102, 108, 140â42, 169â72, 180; privileges and immunity clause, xiv; ratification of, 141
Fourth Amendment, ix, 182, 189
Frankfurter, Felix, 80
Franklin, Benjamin, 144
full faith and credit clause, 75
Garland, Ex parte,
166
Ginsburg, Ruth Bader, 142, 182
giraffes, ix, 156
Goldberg, Arthur, 181
Goldwater, Barry, 88
Gonzalez, Alberto, 125
Gore, Al, 1, 2, 39
Granholm, Jennifer, 85
Granholm v. Heald,
112
Grassley, Charles “Chuck,” 158, 173
Green, Edward H.R., 68
Griswold v. Connecticut,
179, 181
grizzly bear, 56
Haig, Alexander, 93
Hamilton, Alexander, 46, 165
Hatch, Orrin, 14
Henry, Patrick, 164
Herz, Michael, 55â56
Hewitt, William, 74
Hills, Rick, 171â72
Hitchens, Christopher, 140, 148
Ho, James C., 94â95
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr., 67
Horwitz, Morton, 186
Huffington Post,
87
incompatibility clause, 2, 6â9, 11, 16â19, 193.
See also
separation of powers
ineligibility clause, 6, 11â15.
See also
separation of powers
Insular Cases, 89
“Is the Third Amendment Obsolete?” (Horwitz), 186
Jackson, Andrew, 46
Jama, In re,
153â54
Jama, John Paul, 153â54
Jay, John, 83
Jefferson, Thomas, 28, 63, 163â64
Johnson, Lyndon, 124 judicial branch powers, 3, 59â64, 78
The Justices Deliberate
Granholm v. Heald, a small play called, 112â15
Kalt, Brian, 52â54
Kemp, Jack, 1, 2
Kennedy, Anthony, 14, 169, 170 Kennedy, Edward M. “Ted,” 40â41
king penguin, 146â47
Kissinger, Henry, 85
Knox, Philander, 51
Koh, Harold, 126
Land, Clay, 86â87
Larson, Carlton F. W., 155
LaRue, California v.,
97â98, 108
Last Call
(Okrent), 104
Lawrence v. Texas,
179
legislative punishment.
See
bill of attainder clauses
letters of marque and reprisal clause: and the commander in chief clause, 133â35; congressional powers, 121, 127â30, 133â35; history of, 127â30; and modern acts of piracy, xiii, xvii, 119â21,
135â37; relevance of, 193; text of, 119, 131; and the war powers clause, xvi, 121â27, 131â33
Lincoln, Abraham, 46, 130
lions, ix, 172
Liptak, Adam, 155â56
Lobel, Jules, 134
Lochner v. New York,
180â81
Lockheed Martin, 21â22
Lopez, United States v.,
26
Loudon, Euan, 146
Loudon, Harold V., 146
Lovett, United States v.,
166
Loving v. Virginia,
141
Madison, James, 2, 28, 46, 63, 79â80, 143, 150, 165
Maersk Alabama
crisis, 119â20
Mankiewicz, Frank, 35â36
Marbury, William, 62â63
Marbury v. Madison,
62â63
Marcy, William L., 129
marque and reprisal.
See
letters of marque and reprisal clause
Mars climate orbiter, 21â22, 36â37
Marshall, John, 63, 165
Massachusetts state constitution, 143
McCain, John, 88â92
McKinney, James, 147
McReynolds, James, 180
Medved, Michael, 87
A Metric America
(National Bureau of Standards), 31â32
Metric Conversion Act (1975), 32, 34, 37
metric system, 21â22, 27â31, 32, 34â37.
See also
weights and measures clause
Military Commissions Act, 157â58, 172â73
Miranda v. Arizona,
5
Morrison v. Olson,
6
Myers v. United States,
6
NASA, 21â22
National Bureau of Standards, 31â32
natural-born citizen clause: and the birther movement, xiii, 85â87; criticism of, 83â85, 94â96; history of, 79â80, 83, 88â92; and presidential succession, 92â96; relevance of, 193; text of, 77, 83
Nebraska state constitution, 170â71
Nile crocodile, 131, 133
Nineteenth Amendment, 141
Ninth Amendment, 181, 182
Nixon, Richard, 13, 42, 124, 168
Nixon v. Administrator of General Services,
168
nobility clauses.
See
title of nobility clauses
Nofziger, Lyn, 35â36
Noonan, Peggy, 178, 190â91
nutria rat, 95
N.Y. State Liquor Authority v. Bellanca,
108â9
Obama, Barack, xiii, 85â87, 158
Office of Legal Counsel (OLC), xâxii, 11, 14â15, 42â43, 125, 126
Okrent, Daniel, 104
Olson, Theodore, 89â90
Onion
(newspaper), 187
original-jurisdiction clause, xii, 57, 62â64, 69, 71, 75, 193
Paine, Thomas, 142â43
panda bears, ix
pardons, presidential, 42â43
Parrillo, Nicholas, 129, 130
Paul, Ron, 120â21, 129â30, 135, 137
Pelphrey v. Cobb County,
52
Philips, Josiah, 163â64
plankton, 188, 192
pocket veto clause, 50
Powell, Lewis, 14
Prakash, Sai, 9, 127
privacy rights.
See
right to privacy
privileges and immunity clause, xiv
Prohibition, 99, 103â6, 110â11
property clause, 24
Pryor, William H., 40â41, 47â49, 51â52
quartering of troops, xiii, 177â78, 184â86, 188, 190â92, 193
Rally to Restore Sanity, 187
Randolph, Edmund, 164
Reagan, Ronald, 35â36, 46, 93
recess-appointments clause: controversies, 40â41, 47â48; history of, 44â46; intersession/intrasession appointments, 45â47, 49â52; relevance of, 193; text, 39, 43, 45, 121; and the Tillman Adjournment, 52â54
recommendations clause, xi
Reforming American Government
(Committee on the Constitutional System), 17â18
Reid, Harry, 54
religious test clause, 79
reprieves and pardons, 42â43
Revolutionary War, American, 128â29
right to privacy, 178â79, 181â82, 188â89
Roberts, Owen, 180
Roe v. Wade,
179, 182
Romer v. Evans,
169â70
Romney, George, 88
Roosevelt, Frankin D., 180
Roosevelt, Theodore “Teddy,” 50
rule of avulsion, 73
Rutledge, John, 46
Sachs, Stephen, 91
Sanitary District of Chicago, 66â67