The Sanctity of Hate (27 page)

With no warning, the prioress fell to her knees and pressed her hand against her heart.

Sister Anne knelt by her friend’s side. “You are ill!” she whis- pered, frightened by the prioress’ staring eyes and sudden pallor. Eleanor grasped her friend’s shoulder and pointed down the road. Her hand trembled. “The Holy Family,” she murmured.

“Do they not look like the Holy Family?”

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Years hence, the tale was told that the village of Tyndal had been honored to receive a visit from Saint Joseph and the Virgin Mary. There, in a stable, the wonder of the Bethlehem story had been recreated, an event intended to bring solace and reverent awe to the hearts of all who witnessed it.

But instead of humble joy, the villagers greeted the family with hate and violence, as the inhabitants of Sodom did God’s angels. As a consequence, no one was allowed the privilege of seeing the miracle. Only the Prioress of Tyndal was found virtuous enough to receive the blessing of the vision, the story went, and so her reputation continued to grow as one especially favored by God.

Author’s Notes

In England, Jewish immigration began with a warm invita- tion from William the Conqueror to the Jewish merchants of Rouen. His purpose was pragmatic. Skilled and well-connected businessmen were certainly good for an economy suffering the after-effects of war. Christians were also barred from money- lending, although the need to borrow remained an economic necessity, and usury became the occupation quickly assigned to the Jewish community. The king then put these families under his protection and authority, thus allowing him to also profit handsomely from the relationship while protecting his “investments”.

By the time of Edward I, however, English Jewry had been bled dry by exorbitant fees, taxes and other methods of paying for monarchial costs. (Despite Belia’s observation about Henry III supporting Jewish plaintiffs in court against Christians, this king’s record was very mixed.) But Edward had a new source to pay his debts, costs for building castles in Wales, and get money for those wars against the Scots. It was called the Italian financier. Since the Jewish community no longer served his financial requirements, he may have concluded he could best use them for political gain by bowing to the barons’ wish not to pay back loans they had previously begged. (Some of these had been needed by former de Montfort supporters to buy back the land taken from them by the king.) In any case, Edward launched a series

of anti-Semitic proclamations that eventually led to the expul- sion of the Jews from England in 1290. He was neither the first nor the last ruler to take this road, but it is a troubling asterisk next to the name of one so often praised as “the lawyer king”.

The Statute of Jewry (Statutum de Judeismo) was signed by Edward I in late 1275. Although the need for borrowing con- tinued and interest rates would always exist in some form, he concluded that usury by the Jewish community in particular had caused “divers evils and the disinheriting of good men”. As of October 1275, no interest on old loans could accumulate, Edward would not lend his support to any repayment, and Jews were almost instantly prohibited from money lending. In addi- tion, large yellow badges became obligatory for all over the age of seven, a demand often imposed in the past but little enforced, and both men and women over the age of twelve were assessed yet another fine. Jews and Christians were also not allowed to live together (suggesting that they had been intermingling), and the Jewish communities were only allowed to reside in cities (archa towns) where the records of usurious debts had been kept. To make up for this rather abrupt elimination of a major and obligatory profession, the Statute encouraged the Jewish com- munity to become merchants or even farmers, an odd suggestion for a group who had little opportunity in England to learn how to till the land. The permission to do business with Christian merchants and to “live by lawful trade and by their labour” sounds innocent enough until one discovers that movement, property transfers, and debt negotiations between merchants were severely restricted for the Jewish businessmen. The rules hardly made competition fair or equal, and just how does one run a farm without being able to stay around long enough to

make sure the stewardship is honest?

For those interested in the provisions of the Statute, a copy in readable English is easily obtained on the Internet. This is a far more complex subject than I can do justice to here, and the books by Richard Huscroft, Robin Mundill, and Cecil Roth, listed in my bibliography, are good places to start for those

interested in a thorough discussion of Edward’s rationale as well as the changing environment for the Jewish community.

It should be noted, however, that thirteenth century England was not alone in this anti-Semitic trend. When I tried to decide where Jacob and his family might go, I found few places in Europe where massacres had not recently occurred or banish- ments were not forthcoming.

Anti-Semitism was widespread and often virulent in the medieval era, but the conclusion that all medieval Christians hated or shunned all Jews is not an accurate assumption. There have always been some who do not join the mobs. Those Ger- mans who saved Jewish friends and even strangers during the Holocaust are an example. More frequently, many cast aside common prejudice when it was practical or lucrative to do so. Jewish doctors treated Christian patients. The reverse was also true. Contrary to some secular laws and much Church opposition, Christians worked as servants for Jewish families. Merchants, no matter what their religion, cooperated when it was mutually beneficial. Children of both faiths often played together, a fact that makes the bizarre stories concocted about the deaths of boys like William of Norwich all the more tragic. Despite the prohibitions against Jewish merchants belong- ing to guilds, Benedict fil Abraham was welcomed into one in 1268 by Simon le Draper, Mayor of Winchester. This may have been encouraged by King Henry III, who had a financial interest, and was certainly contentious and a unique situation. However, Robert Burton’s statement in his 1621 Anatomy of Melancholy remains true: “No rule is so general, which admits

not some exception.”

No matter what the era, people rationalize their actions, noble or ignoble, with reference to faith or other ethical codes. (In the United States, we both defended and excoriated slavery with biblical quotes.) To say that Christians in the medieval period never did the same is to disregard an ancient human custom. So Oseberne justifies his hatred of Jacob ben Asser by quoting the teaching of a priest while Prioress Eleanor and Brother Thomas

opt for compassion in a similar fashion. We may find their lan- guage, imagery, and reasoning tortuous or alien, but, were their discussions put into modern dialogue, we would find much the same points of view reported in the morning news.

The story told by Brother Thomas about Bernard of Clair- vaux is based on the abbot’s letter in 1146, promoting the second crusade, in which he also denounced violence against the Jewish communities and warned against following extrem- ists like Peter the Hermit, a man who led many innocents to their deaths while carefully saving his own life. Pope Gregory X, who reigned from 1271 to 1276, did write a letter in 1272 condemning forced baptisms, aggression against the Jews, and the fabrications of blood libel, although he himself had been on crusade with Edward I and was hardly the medieval version of the latte liberal.

Neither of these men extended his remarks to include com- passion toward Muslims, that being an era of war between the two faiths, but many ordinary crusaders did remain in the land where they had gone to fight those deemed infidels, married local women, and occasionally converted to Islam.

Like Prioress Eleanor, most medieval Christians hoped for conversions, an attitude common to any proselytizing creed, but it would have taken a fossilized heart not to react in horror at violence perpetrated on peaceful men and mothers with their babes in arms.

Jewish divorce in the Middle Ages was somewhat easier than Christian marriage dissolution, but it was still rare and looked upon with extreme disfavor within the community. One of the reasons for divorce was a childless marriage after ten years, but, if the wife refused consent, honored rabbinical opinion said that the dissolution should be prohibited. It wasn’t always, but familial rather than political concern was the ruling factor.

A short note for those who might not have recognized the name: Moshe ben Maimon is possibly better known as Moses Maimonides. Sister Anne would have treasured any of his medi- cal works.

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Lay brothers in a religious house were men who had taken the vows of the Order but were not ordained and were primarily employed in manual labor. (Lay sisters performed a similar function.) They usually had little education and were of a lower social class. In many cases, their dress was slightly different to distinguish them from the choir monks. Choir monks were sup- posed to spend most of their time in study, prayer, and singing the Office. Their education was expected to include knowledge of Latin. And so Adelard might well be miffed when told he could only enter Tyndal Priory as a lay brother since he had expected to become a higher ranked, choir monk. If his vocation were more his father’s wish than his own, he may soon decide that running a profitable business is a more congenial choice.

Bees are striking in appearance and have long fascinated me. At age four, I was stung trying to pet one. Many decades later, I keep a more respectful distance, but I still love to watch a great Bumble rolling in a native poppy and am amazed at the organization of honeybees, a society that includes guards and undertakers as well as workers and leaders.

In the Middle Ages, bees were not accurately “sexed”. That was not done until centuries later. In 1609, Charles Butler wrote The Feminine Monarchie in which he established that queens ruled the hive, not kings. From at least the time of the Greeks through the sixteenth century, it was assumed that the queen was a king and the mating ritual a battle, after which the bee troops settled down to making honey for human consumption and the best wax for our candles. The troops mentioned by Brother Gwydo are male drones, eager to mate with the queen who flies through the swarm. Sadly, the drones die after mating. The “tooting” mentioned by Brother Gwydo is actually a sound emitted by queens which can be heard several yards away.

Today, bees continue to suffer from diseases and seasonal death, but our methods of collecting honey no longer require killing off the weaker hives with sulphur fumes. Non-toxic smoke is still used to calm them during honey harvesting, but

modern beekeepers are interested in preserving as many bee lives as possible.

The average honeybee is not normally aggressive, but the hives that Oseberne knocked over had been harassed before. These bees had learned to attack when someone rushed at them and committed violence against their home, as some boys in this story had done previously. In Oseberne’s case, he was fatally allergic to the sting, and there was no remedy to save his life in the thirteenth century. Others might have suffered much pain, but the stinging would not have killed them. Each honeybee, however, dies after stinging once.

As a final note, there was good news recently from England. The native black honeybee of Brother Gwydo’s time, almost destroyed by a virus 100 years ago, is coming back. Unlike the yellow-striped variety, familiar to many of us, the black honeybee is darker, bigger, and protected by thicker, longer hair which makes it a hardier species in the northern climates.

Bibliography

The following list includes only a sample of books available on Jewish history in late thirteenth century England. Since it is a subject to which I shall return, as King Edward continues down the slope to the 1290 expulsion, more will be included in future mysteries.

For details on beekeeping, I am grateful to Earl Flewellen, of E. G. Flewellen’s Bee Farm in Port Costa CA, who took time from his bees to answer my clueless questions, loan me books on the subject, and introduce me to his incredible, organic honey. As always, I am indebted to scholars who pull fascinating details out of the past, study them, and share the results with

those of us eager to learn.

When I make a mistake in any fact, it is solely mea culpa.

The ABC and XYZ of Bee Culture (41st Edition), by Amos Ives Root, A.I. Root Company, 2006.

Expulsion: England’s Jewish Solution, by Richard Huscroft, Tempus Publishing, 2006.

A History of Jewish Gynaecological Texts in the Middle Ages, by Ron Barkai, Brill, 1998.

A History of the Jews in England (Third Edition), by Cecil Roth, Oxford University Press, 1964.

Jewish Women in Europe in the Middle Ages: A Quiet Revolution, by Simha Goldin, Manchester University Press, 2011.

Licoricia of Winchester: Marriage, Motherhood and Murder in the Medieval Anglo-Jewish Community, by Suzanne Bartlet (edited for publication by Patricia Skinner), Vallentine Mitchell, 2009.

England’s Jewish Solution: Experiment and Expulsion, 1262-1290, by Robin R. Mundill, Cambridge University Press, 1998.

The Trotula: an English Translation of the Medieval Compendium of Women’s Medicine, edited and translated by Monica H. Green, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002.

World History of Beekeeping and Honey Hunting, by Eva Crane, Routledge, 1999.