The Savage City (57 page)

Bin Wahad at Coxsackie, Comstock, and Green Haven prisons:
Interview with Dhoruba Bin Wahad (September 16, 2008).

Bin Wahad encounter with his father at Green Haven prison:
Ibid.

“The meeting was kind of routine”:
Ibid.

Background on Collins Moore:
Ibid.

Bin Wahad sent to the Box:
Ibid.

“This is the year of Whitmore”:
Benjamin, Phillip, “Confessions Cases May Rise Sharply,”
New York Times,
February 15, 1965; Shapiro,
Whitmore,
p. 165; Lefkowitz and Gross,
The Victims,
p. 526.

Repeal of death penalty in New York State:
Apple, R.W., Jr., “Two Sides Testify on Death Penalty,”
New York Times,
March 26, 1965; Shapiro,
Whitmore,
pp. 156–157; Lefkowitz and Gross,
The Victims,
p. 451; Raab,
Justice in the Back Room,
p. 180.

Repeal of “Blue Ribbon” juries:
Schanberg, Sidney H., “Blue-Ribbon Jury Barred in State,”
New York Times,
July 16, 1965.

Wylie-Hoffert murder trial:
Interview with George Whitmore (April 3, 2009); Lefkowitz and Gross,
The Victims,
pp. 544–573; Raab,
Justice in the Back Room,
pp. 217–231; Shapiro,
Whitmore,
pp. 163–174.

Whitmore on the stand:
Ibid.

Posttrial press conference:
Shapiro, “Annals of Jurisprudence: The Whitmore Confessions,”
The New Yorker,
February 8, 1969.

Whitmore makes hooch in prison:
Interview with George Whitmore (April 3, 2009).

9. FEAR

John Lindsay elected mayor:
Talmer, Jerry, “Battle for City Hall: The Story of John Lindsay,”
New York Post,
October 25, 1965; “Lindsay's Astounding Victory,”
New York Times,
November 3, 1965; Schumach, Murray, “The Oath Is Taken,”
New York Times,
January 1, 1966; “New Mayor,” op-ed,
New York Times,
January 1, 1966; Thimmesch, Nick, “The Fight for City Hall: Anatomy of a Victory,”
New York Herald Tribune Magazine,
January 2, 1966.

Civilian Complaint Review Board (CCRB):
“Lindsay Appoints Anticrime Panel,”
New York Times,
November 27, 1966; Cannato,
The Ungovernable City,
pp. 155–188; Lardner and Reppetto,
NYPD,
pp. 256–258, 268–267, 322; Levitt,
NYPD Confidential,
pp. 98, 161–162; Alex, Nicholas,
New York City Cops Talk Back,
pp. 75–80, 115, 193, 206; Klein, Herbert,
The Police: Damned If They Do, Damned If They Don't,
pp. 20, 98–99.

Vincent L. Broderick:
Madden, Richard L., “Lindsay Delaying on Head of Police,”
New York Times,
November 28, 1965.

“If you believe that a police officer”:
Ibid.

Howard Leary chosen as commissioner:
Cannato,
The Ungovernable City,
pp. 165, 470–471; Lardner and Reppetto,
NYPD,
pp. 257–258; Murphy and Plate,
Commissioner,
pp. 36–37.

“I am sick and tired of giving in to minority groups”:
Cannato,
The Ungovernable City,
p. 68.

Incident at Joe's Place in Harlem:
“White Policeman Accused by CORE,”
New York Times,
March 1, 1966; Montgomery, Paul L., “Police Transfer 3 in Harlem ‘Disrobing' Incident,”
New York Times,
March 2, 1968; Cannato,
The Ungovernable City,
pp. 335–337.

CORE protest and press conference:
Robinson, Douglas, “CORE Vows ‘to Escalate War' on ‘Vicious Acts' by City Police,”
New York Times
, March 3, 1966; Cannato,
The Ungovernable City,
p. 341.

Lindsay pushes for new CCRB:
Cannato,
The Ungovernable City,
pp. 156–159, 167–170, 183–188; Lardner and Reppetto,
NYPD,
pp. 257–258.

CCRB campaign:
Cannato,
The Ungovernable City,
pp. 168–169, 171–172; Cowan, Ruth, “The New York Civilian Complaint Review Board Referendum of November 1966: A Case Study of Mass Politics” (Ph.D. dissertation, New York University, 1970); Kheel, Theodore, “Facts and Myths About the Police Review Board,”
New York World Journal Tribune,
October 23, 1966; Skolnick, Jerome, “Why Cops Behave the Way They Do,”
New York World Journal Tribune,
October 23, 1966; McFadden, J. P., “Who Will Protect the Police?”
National Review,
April 5, 1966.

“The only thing [it] didn't show”:
Ibid.

Roy Wilkins's response to PBA campaign:
Wilkins, Roy, “A Sly Campaign Against Negroes,”
Amsterdam News,
October 15, 1966.

CCRB complaints against Phillips:
Shecter with Phillips,
On the Pad,
p. 396.

Phillips's “scores”:
Ibid.

“Money became just paper to me”:
Ibid.

“I sure had a fucking ball”:
Ibid.

Flies solo after six hours of instruction:
Ibid., p. 187.

Meanwhile, a throng of onlookers gathered:
Ibid.

Phillips lands plane on LIE:
Ibid.

“She [was] really pissed off”:
Ibid., p. 191.

“I put a thousand dollars down”:
Ibid.

NYPD Flying Club:
Ibid., pp. 191–192; McDonald,
My Father's Gun,
pp. 236–238; Lardner and Reppetto, NYPD, p. 268.

Incident with Officer Walter Jefferys:
Shecter with Phillips,
On the Pad,
pp. 197–200.

“The job requires total commitment”:
Interview with Randy Jurgensen (February 12, 2010).

Jurgensen career background:
Ibid.

“Oh, yeah, I knew who Phillips was”:
Ibid.

Disputes between Whitmore attorneys:
Interview with George Whitmore (April 3, 2009); interview with Selwyn Raab (April 22, 2009); interview with Myron Beldock (January 27, 2009); Lefkowitz and Gross,
The Victims,
pp. 421, 423–424; Shapiro,
Whitmore,
pp. 217–221; Raab,
Justice in the Back Room
, pp. 234–235.

“I thought they might kill each other”:
Interview with George Whitmore (April 3, 2009).

Second Borrero trial:
Interview with George Whitmore (April 3, 2009); interview with Selwyn Raab (April 22, 2009); Lefkowitz and Gross,
The Victims,
pp. 519–521, 522; Shapiro,
Whitmore,
pp. 128–136; Raab,
Justice in the Back Room,
pp. 258–260.

“
Your Honor, both Detectives” (ADA Schmier quote):
Lefkowitz and Gross,
The Victims,
p. 411; Shapiro,
Whitmore,
p. 193.

“It is high time” (DA Koota quote):
Lefkowitz and Gross,
The Victims,
p. 522; Shapiro,
Whitmore,
p. 196. For a detailed profile of Aaron Koota, see Fleming, Thomas J., “Case of the Debatable Brooklyn D.A.,”
New York Times Magazine,
March 19, 1967.

The
Miranda
decision:
Graham, Fred P., “Curb on Police Questions Is Ruled Not Retroactive,”
New York Times,
June 21, 1966; Shapiro, “Annals of Jurisprudence: The Whitmore Confessions,”
The New Yorker,
February 8, 1969; Raab,
Justice in the Back Room,
pp. 243–249.

Koota drops Edmonds indictment:
Shapiro, “Annals of Jurisprudence: The Whitmore Confessions,”
The New Yorker,
February 8, 1969; Lefkowitz and Gross,
The Victims,
p. 519; Shapiro,
Whitmore,
p. 151; Raab,
Justice in the Back Room,
p. 259.

Judge Barshay releases Whitmore on bail:
Anderson, David, “Whitmore Due to Go Free on Bail Today on Appeal After 2 Years in Jail,”
New York Times,
July 13, 1966.

R. Peter Straus posts bail:
“Whitmore Freed on Bail to Work for Jersey Town,”
New York Times,
July 14, 1966; Shapiro,
Whitmore,
p. 209.

Whitmore returns to Wildwood:
Interview with George Whitmore (April 3, 2009); Shapiro,
Whitmore,
pp. 211–212.

SPONGE (Society for the Prevention of Niggers Getting Everything):
Cannato,
The Ungovernable City,
pp. 123–124.

“Get the hell out of Bedford-Stuyvesant”:
Cannato,
The Ungovernable City
, p. 136.

Verbal attacks on Lindsay:
Ibid.

Ernest Gallashaw incident:
Anderson, David, “Youth, 17, Wins Bail in Slaying of Boy, 11, During Racial Battle,”
New York Times,
September 7, 1966; Cannato,
The Ungovernable City,
pp. 123–124, 604.

“No more Whitmores”:
Ibid.

Gallashaw trial and verdict:
Gallashaw's attorney was Paul O'Dwyer, an Irish-born civil rights attorney and brother of former mayor William O'Dwyer. Reeves, Richard, “Gallashaw Free in Boy's Slaying,”
New York Times,
October 14, 1966.

New York Times
poll:
Powledge, Fred, “Poll Shows Whites in City Resent Civil Rights Drive,”
New York Times,
September 21, 1964.

CCRB ballot measure vote:
Jacoby, Tamar, “The Uncivil History of the Civilian Review Board,”
City Journal,
Winter 1993; Cannato,
The Ungovernable City,
p. 187.

10. BLACK POWER

Bin Wahad released from prison:
Interview with Dhoruba Bin Wahad (September 16, 2008).

“I'll never forget this shit”:
Ibid.

“It happened fast”:
Ibid.

Attempted robbery with Augustus Qualls et al.:
Ibid.

“[The cops] didn't even say halt”:
Ibid.

Shakur brothers:
Ibid.; Balagoon, Kuwasi, et al.,
Look for Me in the Whirlwind,
pp. 11, 24–25.

Revolutionary Action Movement:
Ahmad, Muhammad,
We Will Return in the Whirlwind: Black Radical Organizations, 1960–1973,
pp. 95–166; Austin, Curtis J.,
Up Against the Wall,
pp. 12, 30, 32–33.

Republic of New Afrika:
Austin,
Up Against the Wall,
p. 253; Joseph, Peniel E.,
Waiting 'Til the Midnight Hour: A Narrative History of Black Power in America,
pp. 55, 219.

Speeches of Malcolm X:
Breitman,
Malcolm X Speaks,
entire book.

“If we're going to talk about police brutality”:
Ibid.

“Recently, three students from Kenya”:
Ibid.

Eddie Ellis and others in the wake of Malcolm X assassination:
Interview with Eddie Ellis (May 15, 2009).

“Lyndon Baines Johnson is bombing the hell out of Vietnam”:
Joseph,
Waiting 'Til the Midnight Hour,
p. 145; Van Deburg, William,
New Day in Babylon,
p. 113.

Stokely Carmichael background:
Carmichael, Stokely,
Black Power,
pp. 4–11; Joseph,
Waiting 'Til the Midnight Hour,
pp. 124–127; Van Deburg,
New Day in Babylon,
pp. 76–85.

“The only way we going to stop them”:
Branch, Taylor,
At Canaan's Edge,
p. 333; Joseph,
Waiting 'Til the Midnight Hour,
p. 35.

“Stokely had that intellectual brilliance”:
Interview with Eddie Ellis (May 15, 2009).

“Voting rights was the issue”:
Ibid.

“This country…knows what power is”:
Branch,
At Canaan's Edge,
p. 331; Joseph,
Waiting 'Til the Midnight Hour
, p. 163; Van Deburg,
New Day in Babylon,
p. 84; Lester, Julius,
Look Out, Whitey!,
p. 63.

Use of term “black” instead of “negro”:
“Black Power and Black Pride,”
Time,
December 1, 1967; Carmichael,
Black Power,
pp. 181–182; Lester,
Look Out, Whitey!,
pp. 11, 23–24; Cleaver, Eldridge,
Soul on Ice,
pp. 17–25.

Lowndes County Freedom Organization:
Austin,
Up Against the Wall,
pp. 12–15; Branch,
Pillar of Fire,
pp. 23–25, 421, 511; Carmichael,
Black Power,
pp. 85, 87–88; Estes, Steve,
I Am a Man!,
pp. 31, 33–34; Joseph,
Waiting 'Til the Midnight Hour,
pp. 124, 128–130, 147, 164; Lester,
Look Out, Whitey!,
pp. 38–41; Van Deburg,
New Day in Babylon,
pp. 87–89.

“We chose for the emblem a black panther”:
Carmichael,
Black Power,
p. 88; Austin,
Up Against the Wall,
p. 17; Pearson, Hugh,
Shadow of the Panther,
p. 142.

Birth of Black Panther Party for Self Defense in Oakland:
Newton, Huey P.,
Revolutionary Suicide,
pp. 115–172; Pearson,
Shadow of the Panther,
pp. 97, 107–112; Joseph,
Waiting 'Til the Midnight Hour,
pp. 175–178, 207–211; FBI COINTELPRO (confidential memo).