The Secret Sentry (75 page)

68. Loch K. Johnson,
Secret Agencies: U.S. Intelligence in a Hostile World
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1996), p. 21; Robert D. Steele,
Improving National Intelligence Support to
Marine Corps Operational Forces: Forty Specific Recommendations
, September 3, 1991, p. 5, http:// www.oss.net/ Papers/ reform. Quote from interview, Herbert Levin, March 5, 1994, Foreign
Affairs Oral History Collection, Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training, Arlington, VA.

69. David E. Sanger, “What Are Koreans Up To? U.S. Agencies Can’t Agree,”
New York Times
, May 12, 2005.

70. Parliamentary Intelligence and Security Committee, CM 5837,
Annual Report 2002–2003
, June 2003, p. 20.

71. Confidential interviews.

72. Confidential interviews.

73. NSA’s loss of “centrality of command” was reflected for the first time in the 1994 edition of the agency’s principal SIGINT
operating policy document,
U.S. Signals Intelligence Directive 1
, which states, “Certain SIGINT collection and processing activities, specifically designated by the Director of Central Intelligence
(DCI) as essential and integral to activities conducted under the authority of NSCID No. 5 [U.S. Espionage and Counterintelligence
Activities Abroad], are specifically exempted by NSCID No. 6 [Signals Intelligence] from the control of DIRNSA/Chief, CSS
(DIRNSA.CHCSS).” NSA/CSS, United States Signals Intelligence Directive 1 (USSID 1),
SIGINT Operating Policy
, June 13, 1994, p. 4, NSA FOIA.

74. Rowan Scarborough, “Lack of Fluency in Islamic Languages Impedes U.S.,”
Washington Times
, July 2, 2007.

75. Confidential interviews. See also Lt. Colonel Stephen K. Iwicki, “CSA’s Focus Area 16: Actionable Intelligence,”
Military Intelligence Professional Bulletin
, January–March 2005, p. 51.

76. Confidential interviews.

77. 1LT Brian Noble, “SIGINT,”
Dagger News
, February 2006, p. 2, http://www.506infantry.org/pdf/506rct/feb_dagger_news.pdf.

78. Major General Barbara Fast, Commander, USAIC&FH, US Army Geospatial Intelligence, PowerPoint presentation, presented at
Geospatial Intelligence Defense Conference, May 15, 2006.

79. NSA/CSS, director’s message, “Media Scrutiny on TURBULENCE,” February 19, 2007, NSA FOIA; Siobhan Gorman, “Costly NSA
Initiative Has Shaky Takeoff,”
Baltimore Sun,
February 11, 2007; Siobhan Gorman, “NSA Program Draws Congress’ Ire,”
Baltimore Sun,
March 28, 2007; Alice Lipowicz, “Hard Sell: NSA’s Tech Reorg Faces Uphill Road to Win Over Critics,”
Washington
Technology,
June 11, 2007.

80. NSA’s twenty-one-million-dollar electricity bill in 2000 from Dana Roscoe, “NSA Hosts Special Partnership Breakfast,”
NSA Newsletter,
p. 4, NSA FOIA. For thirty-million-dollar electricity bill in 2007, confidential interview.

81. Siobhan Gorman, “NSA Electricity Crisis Gets Senate Scrutiny,”
Baltimore Sun,
January 26, 2007; Siobhan Gorman, “Power Supply Still a Vexation for the NSA,”
Baltimore Sun,
June 24, 2007.

82. Gorman, “NSA Has Higher Profile.”

83. Gorman, “Bud get Falling Short.”

84. Confidential interview.

A Note on the Author

Matthew M. Aid is a leading intelligence historian, and visiting fellow at the National Security Archive in Washington, D.C.
An expert on the National Security Agency, he is a regular commentator on intelligence matters for the
New York Times
, the
Financial Times
, the
National Journal
, the Associated Press, CBS News, NPR, and many other media outlets. He lives in Washington, D.C.