The Shallows (33 page)

34.
Eric Schmidt, “Books of Revelation,”
Wall Street Journal
, October 18, 2005.

35.
U.S. District Court, Southern District of New York, “Settlement Agreement: The Authors Guild, Inc., Association of American Publishers, Inc., et al., Plaintiffs, v. Google Inc., Defendant,” Case No. 05 CV 8136-JES, October 28, 2008.

36.
American Library Association, “Library Association Comments on the Proposed Settlement,” filing with the U.S. District Court, Southern District of New York, Case No. 05 CV 8136-DC, May 4, 2009.

37.
Robert Darnton, “Google and the Future of Books,”
New York Review of Books
, February 12, 2009.

38.
Richard Koman, “Google, Books and the Nature of Evil,”
ZDNet Government
blog, April 30, 2009, http://government.zdnet.com/?p=4725.

39.
In what may be a harbinger of the future, a prestigious Massachusetts prep school, Cushing Academy, announced in 2009 that it was removing all the books from its library and replacing them with desktop computers, flat-screen TVs, and a score of Kindles and other e-readers. The school’s headmaster, James Tracy, proclaimed the bookless library “a model for the 21st-century school.” David Abel, “Welcome to the Library. Say Goodbye to the Books,”
Boston Globe
, September 4, 2009.

40.
Alexandra Alter, “The Next Age of Discovery,”
Wall Street Journal
, May 8, 2009.

41.
Adam Mathes, “Collect, Share, and Discover Books,”
Official Google Blog
, September 6, 2007, http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2007/09/collect-share-and-discover-books.html.

42.
Manas Tungare, “Share and Enjoy,”
Inside Google Books
blog, September 6, 2007, http://booksearch.blogspot.com/2007/08/share-and-enjoy.html.

43.
Bill Schilit and Okan Kolak, “Dive into the Meme Pool with Google Book Search,”
Inside Google Books
blog, September 6, 2007, http://booksearch. blogspot.com/2007/09/dive-into-meme-pool-with-google-book.html; and Diego Puppin, “Explore a Book in 10 Seconds,”
Inside Google Books
blog, July 1, 2009, http://booksearch.blogspot.com/2009/06/explore-book-in-10-seconds.html.

44.
Passages from Hawthorne’s notebooks are quoted in Julian Hawthorne,
Nathaniel Hawthorne and His Wife: A Biography
, vol. 1 (Boston: James R. Osgood, 1885), 498–503.

45.
Leo Marx,
The Machine in the Garden: Technology and the Pastoral Ideal in America
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 28–29.

46.
Quoted in Will Durant and Ariel Durant,
The Age of Reason Begins
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1961), 65.

47.
Vannevar Bush, “As We May Think,”
Atlantic Monthly
, July 1945.

48.
David M. Levy, “To Grow in Wisdom: Vannevar Bush, Information Overload, and the Life of Leisure,”
Proceedings of the 5th ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries
, 2005, 281–86.

49.
Ibid.

50.
Ralph Waldo Emerson, “Books,”
Atlantic Monthly
, January 1858.

51.
Larry Page, keynote address before AAAS Annual Conference, San Francisco, February 16, 2007, http://news.cnet.com/1606-2_3-6160334.html.

52.
Academy of Achievement, “Interview: Larry Page.”

53.
Rachael Hanley, “From Googol to Google: Co-founder Returns,”
Stanford Daily
, February 12, 2003.

54.
Academy of Achievement, “Interview: Larry Page.”

55.
Steven Levy, “All Eyes on Google,”
Newsweek
, April 12, 2004.

56.
Spencer Michaels, “The Search Engine That Could,”
NewsHour with Jim Lehrer
, November 29, 2002.

57.
See Richard MacManus, “Full Text of Google Analyst Day Powerpoint Notes,”
Web 2.0 Explorer
blog, March 7, 2006, http://blogs.zdnet.com/web2explorer/?p=132.

58.
Quoted in Jean-Pierre Dupuy,
On the Origins of Cognitive Science: The Mechanization of the Mind
(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2009), xiv.

59.
George B. Dyson,
Darwin among the Machines: The Evolution of Global Intelligence
(Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1997), 10.

60.
George Dyson, “Turing’s Cathedral,”
Edge
, October 24, 2005, www.edge.org/3rd_culture/ dyson05/dyson_ 05index.html.

61.
Greg Jarboe, “A ‘Fireside Chat’ with Google’s Sergey Brin,”
Search Engine Watch
, October 16, 2003, http://searchenginewatch.com/3081081.

62.
See Pamela McCorduck,
Machines Who Think: A Personal Inquiry into the History and Prospects of Artificial Intelligence
(Natick, MA: Peters, 2004), 111.

63.
Lewis Mumford,
The Myth of the Machine: Technics and Human Development
(New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovitch, 1967), 29.

64.
David G. Stork, ed.,
HAL’s Legacy:
2001
’s Computer as Dream and Reality
(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996), 165–66.

65.
John von Neumann,
The Computer and the Brain
, 2nd ed. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000), 82. The italics are von Neumann’s.

66.
Ari N. Schulman, “Why Minds Are Not like Computers,”
New Atlantis
, Winter 2009.

Nine
SEARCH, MEMORY

1.
Quoted in Alberto Manguel,
A History of Reading
(New York: Viking, 1996), 49.

2.
Umberto Eco, “From Internet to Gutenberg,” lecture presented at Columbia University’s Italian Academy for Advanced Studies in America, November 12, 1996, www.umbertoeco.com/en/from-internet-to-gutenberg-1996. html.

3.
Quoted in Ann Moss,
Printed Commonplace-Books and the Structuring of Renaissance Thought
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), 102–4.

4.
Erika Rummel, “Erasmus, Desiderius,” in
Philosophy of Education
, ed. J. J. Chambliss (New York: Garland, 1996), 198.

5.
Quoted in Moss,
Printed Commonplace-Books
, 12.

6.
Ann Moss writes that “the commonplace-book was part of the initial intellectual experience of every schoolboy” in the Renaissance.
Printed Commonplace-Books
, viii.

7.
Francis Bacon,
The Works of Francis Bacon
, vol. 4, ed. James Spedding, Robert Leslie Ellis, and Douglas Denon Heath (London: Longman, 1858), 435.

8.
Naomi S. Baron,
Always On: Language in an Online and Mobile World
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), 197.

9.
Clive Thompson, “Your Outboard Brain Knows All,”
Wired
, October 2007.

10.
David Brooks, “The Outsourced Brain,”
New York Times
, October 26, 2007.

11.
Peter Suderman, “Your Brain Is an Index,”
American Scene
, May 10, 2009, www.theamericanscene.com/2009/05/11/your-brain-is-an-index.

12.
Alexandra Frean, “Google Generation Has No Need for Rote Learning,”
Times
(London), December 2, 2008; and Don Tapscott,
Grown Up Digital
(New York: McGraw-Hill, 2009), 115.

13.
Saint Augustine,
Confessions
, trans. Henry Chadwick (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 187.

14.
William James,
Talks to Teachers on Psychology: And to Students on Some of Life’s Ideals
(New York: Holt, 1906), 143.

15.
See Eric R. Kandel,
In Search of Memory: The Emergence of a New Science of Mind
(New York: Norton, 2006), 208–10.

16.
Ibid., 210–11.

17.
Louis B. Flexner, Josefa B. Flexner, and Richard B. Roberts, “Memory in Mice Analyzed with Antibiotics,”
Science
, 155 (1967): 1377–83.

18.
Kandel,
In Search of Memory
, 221.

19.
Ibid., 214–15.

20.
Ibid., 221.

21.
Ibid., 276.

22.
Ibid.

23.
Ibid., 132.

24.
Until his name was disclosed upon his death in 2008, Molaison was referred to in the scientific literature as H.M.

25.
See Larry R. Squire and Pablo Alvarez, “Retrograde Amnesia and Memory Consolidation: A Neurobiological Perspective,”
Current Opinion in Neurobiology
, 5 (1995): 169–77.

26.
Daniel J. Siegel,
The Developing Mind
(New York: Guilford, 2001), 37–38.

27.
In a 2009 study, French and American researchers found evidence that brief, intense oscillations that ripple through the hippocampus during sleep play an important role in storing memories in the cortex. When the researchers suppressed the oscillations in the brains of rats, the rats were unable to consolidate long-term spatial memories. Gabrielle Girardeau, Karim Benchenane, Sidney I. Wiener, et al., “Selective Suppression of Hippocampal Ripples Impairs Spatial Memory,”
Nature Neuroscience
, September 13, 2009, www.nature.com/neuro/ journal/vaop/ncurrent/ abs/nn.2384.html.

28.
University of Haifa, “Researchers Identified a Protein Essential in Long Term Memory Consolidation,” Physorg.com, September 9, 2008, www.physorg.com/news140173258.html.

29.
See Jonah Lehrer,
Proust Was a Neuroscientist
(New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2007), 84–85.

30.
Joseph LeDoux,
Synaptic Self: How Our Brains Become Who We Are
(New York: Penguin, 2002), 161.

31.
Nelson Cowan,
Working Memory Capacity
(New York: Psychology Press, 2005), 1.

32.
Torkel Klingberg,
The Overflowing Brain: Information Overload and the Limits of Working Memory
, trans. Neil Betteridge (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 36.

33.
Sheila E. Crowell, “The Neurobiology of Declarative Memory,” in John H. Schumann, Shelia E. Crowell, Nancy E. Jones, et al.,
The Neurobiology of Learning: Perspectives from Second Language Acquisition
(Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 2004), 76.

34.
See, for example, Ray Hembree and Donald J. Dessart, “Effects of Handheld Calculators in Precollege Mathematics Education: A Meta-analysis,”
Journal for Research in Mathematics Education
, 17, no. 2 (1986): 83–99.