The Slave Ship (66 page)

Stanfield on horrors of

those who benefited most from

trans-Saharan

triangular trade

violence required in

see also
abolition movement; merchants; Middle Passage; slave ships

sloops

Smale, John

Smith, John Samuel

Smith, William

Smyth, Richard

Snelgrave, William

on captains’ relations with slaves

collective judgment of captains sought by

on desecrating dead slave bodies

instructions for his first mate

Morice as employer of

on sailors’ violence against slaves

on slave communication

on slaves helping manage ship

on slaves refusing to eat

slaves sing song of praise to

on trading plans gone awry

on “white” men’s status

Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade

Society for the Improvement of Naval Architecture

Society of Merchant Venturers .

South Carolina

Charleston.

on Declaration of Independence on slave trade

as destination for slaves.

Gola captives sent to

Laurens

slave ships built in

Southey, Robert

South Sea Company

Speedwell
(ship)

Speers, William

Squirrel
(ship)

Stalkartt, Marmaduke

Stanfield, Field.

Stanfield, James Field

as actor

on Africans

on arrival on African coast

becomes a sailor

common sailor’s perspective of

Essay on the Study and Composition of Biography, An
.

Guinea Voyage: A Poem in Three Books, The
..

on merchants

on Middle Passage

Observations on a Guinea Voyage
.n..

on recruitment of crews

on slaves’ arrival in New World

on slave ship as floating factory

on slave-ship sailors

on slave trade’s effect on Africa

on voyage to Africa

“Written on the Coast of Africa in the year,”

Staniforth, Thomas

Starke, Thomas

Steel, David

Steele, William

Stephens, Thomas

Stockman, Isaac.

Street, Captain

strikes

Strong, Mathew

Substance of the Evidence of Sundry Persons on the Slave-Trade Collected in the Course of a Tour Made in the Autumn of the Year
(Clarkson)

sugar

suicide

by sailors

by slaves .

surgeons,
see
doctors (surgeons)

Susu

Sutherland, William

Swain, Richard

Swansea (Massachusetts)

Swift
(ship)

 
Tacky’s Revolt

Tarleton, John

Tartar
(ship)

Taylor, Anthony

Teast, Sydenham

Temne

Tewkesbury
(ship)

Thetis
(ship)

Thomas
(ship)

Thomas, Hugh

Thomas and John
(ship)

Thompson, Thomas

Thomson, Daniel

Thoughts upon the African Slave Trade
(Newton)

thumbscrews

Tio

Tittle, John

tobacco

Todd, Hinson

Told, Silas

on captains

enters slave trade

on insurrection on
Loyal George

promotion of

on punishment of slave resistance

on sharks.

on suicide by sailor

“tormentor, the,”

Towne, James

transatlantic chain

trans-Saharan slave trade

Triumph
(ship)

Trotter, Thomas

True Blue
(ship)

Tucker, Henry

Tucker, Peter

Tucker, Thomas

Tucker, Timothy

Tuohy, David.

Turner, John

Unity
(ship)

Universal Dictionary of the Marine
(Falconer).

Unsworth, Barry

 
Vassa, Gustavus,
see
Equiano, Olaudah

Vernon, Samuel and William.

Vili

violence

captains using

as cascading downward

coming to grips with

fighting among slaves

of merchants

merchants concerned about excessive

Newton employs terror

as pervasive on slave ships

of sailors against slaves

slave trade depends of

Stanfield on shipboard

terror used aboard slave ships

see also
flogging

Virginia

 
Wadstrom, Carl Bernard

wages ..

Wainwright, Captain

Wallis, Richard

Wanton, Captain

war

mobilization of military labor for

slaves armed during

slave ships as war machines

as source of slaves

Ward, John

Wasp
(ship)

watches

water

controlling use of

as critical on slave ships

dehydration as cause of mortality

rainwater

Watkins, William

Watt, Charles

Webster, John

Welsh, Alexander

Welsh (Welch), John

Wesley, John.

West-Central Africa

Kongo

as source of slaves

see also
Angola

West Indies

Antigua

Morice trades in

St. Kitts

superfluous sailors in

in triangular trade

see also
Barbados; Jamaica

Westmore, James.

wharfingers

whipping,
see
flogging (whipping)

Whitfield, Peter

Wilberforce, William

Williams, Joseph

Williams, Thomas

Wilson, David

Stanfield sails with.

violence used by

Wilson, Isaac

Windham, Lord

windsails

Windward Coast

belief in going home to Guinea after death in

foods from

Fraser on slaves from

longboat and yawl in trade on

Newton trades on

as source of slaves

Winterbottom, Thomas.

Wolof

Wood, Samuel

Woodward, Robert

Wright, John

“Written on the Coast of Africa in the year ” (Stanfield)

Wroe, John

 
Yates, Thomas.

yawls

yaws

Yoruba

Young Hero
(ship)

 
Zong
(ship)

ILLUSTRATION SOURCES AND CREDITS

Page 1.
Top:
Detail of “Negro’s Cannoes, carrying slaves, on board of Ships, att Manfroe” in Jean Barbot, “A Description of the Coasts of North and South Guinea; and of Ethiopia Inferior, vulgarly Angola: being a New and Accurate Account of the Western Maritime Countries of Africa,” in Awnsham Churchill and John Churchill, comp.,
A Collection of Voyages and Travels, some now first printed from Original Manuscripts, others now first published in English
(London, 1732), vol. 5, collection of the author.
Bottom:
“
Captain
Bartho. Roberts
with two Ships, Viz. the
Royal Fortune
and
Ranger,
takes in sail in
Whydah
Road on the Coast of
Guiney,
Jan. 11th, 1721/2
,” in Captain Charles Johnson,
A General History of the Pyrates, from their first Rise and Settlement in the Island of Providence, to the Present Time
(London, 1724), Darlington Library, University of Pittsburgh.

Page 2.
Top:
Portrait of Sir Humphrey Morice, ivory sculpture by David Le Marchand (1674-1726), courtesy of the Art Gallery of Ontario.
Middle:
“His excellency Henry Laurens, president of congress & minister plenipotentiary for treating of peace with Grt. Britain,” after a drawing by Pierre Eugène du Simitière, in
Portraits of generals, ministers, magistrates, members of Congress, and others, who have rendered themselves illustrious in the revolution of the United States of North America
(London: R. Wilkinson and J. Debrett, 1783), courtesy of the Library of Congress.
Bottom:
“The Requin,” Barbot, “A Description of the Coasts,” translated and republished in Antoine-François Prevost,
L’Histoire generale des voyages
(La Haye: P. de Hondt, 1747-80), collection of the author.

 
Page 3.
Top:
Nicholas Pocock (1749-1821), “Wapping, Bristol,” c. 1760, © Bristol’s City Museum & Art Gallery.
Bottom:
William Jackson, Liverpool slave ship, c. 1780, © National Museums Liverpool, Merseyside Maritime Museum.

 
Page 4.
All:
William Falconer,
Universal Dictionary of the Marine
(orig. publ. 1768, republ. London, 1815), courtesy of Mystic Seaport, G.W. Blunt Library.

Page 5. “Transport des Nègres dans le Colonies,” lithograph by Pretexat Oursel, courtesy of the Musée d’Histoire de la Ville et du Pays Malouin, Saint Malo, France.

Page 6.
Top:
Job Ben Solomon,
Gentleman’s Magazine
20(1750), Darlington Library, University of Pittsburgh.
Bottom:
Thomas Clarkson,
The History of the Rise, Progress, and Accomplishment of the Abolition of the African Slave-Trade by the British Parliament
(London, 1808), vol. 1, Hillman Library, University of Pittsburgh.

Page 7. Detail of Emmanuel Bowen,
A New & Accurate Map of Negroland and the Adjacent Countries; also Upper Guinea, shewing the principal European settlements, & distinguishing wch. belong to England, Denmark, Holland &c. The Sea Coast & some of the Rivers being drawn from Surveys & the best Modern Maps and Charts, & regulated by Astron. Observns
(London, 1747), collection of the author.

 
Page 8.
Top:
Detail of “The Prospect of the English Castle, at Anamabou,” in Barbot, “A Description of the Coasts,” collection of the author.
Bottom:
“Procession to ye Temple of ye Great Snake on Crowning of ye King,” in Thomas Astley, comp.,
A New General Collection
of Travels and Voyages, Consisting of the most esteemed Relations, which have been hitherto Published in any Language
(London, 1742-1747), vol. 3, collection of the author. Originally published in Jean Baptiste Labat,
Voyage du Chevalier des Marchais en Guinee . . . fait en 1725, 1726, & 1727
(Amsterdam, 1731).

Page 9.
Top:
“The City of Loango,” in Astley, ed.,
A New General Collection of Travels and Voyages
, vol. 3, collection of the author. Originally published in D. O. Dapper,
Description de l’Afrique . . . Traduite du Flamand
(Amsterdam,1686; 1st ed., 1668).
Bottom:
Thomas Clarkson,
Letters on the slave-trade, and the state of the natives in those parts of Africa, . . . contiguous to Fort St. Louis and Goree
(London, 1791), courtesy of the Library Company of Philadelphia.

Page 10.
Top:
Portrait of Olaudah Equiano,
The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavas Vassa, the African. Written by Himself
(London, 1790), Library of Congress.
Middle:
Portrait of James Field Stanfield by Martin Archer Shee, undated, courtesy of the Sunderland Museum and Winter Gardens (Tyne and Wear Museum).
Bottom:
Portrait of John Newton by John Russell, 1788, courtesy of the John Newton Project (
www.johnnewton.org
) and the World Mission Society.

Page 11.
Top:
Slave ship shackles, c. 1780, collection of the author.
Bottom:
Cat-o’-nine-tails, © National Maritime Museum.

Page 12.
Top:
Isaac Cruikshank, “The Abolition of the Slave Trade, Or the inhumanity of dealers in human flesh exemplified in Captn. Kimber’s treatment of a young Negro girl of 15 for her virjen modesty,” 1792, Library of Congress, British Cartoon Collection.
Bottom:
“(Traversée) Danse de Nègres,” Amédée Grehan, ed.,
La France Maritime
(Paris, 1837), courtesy of the Haverford College Library.

Page 13.
Top:
Lieutenant Francis Meynell, “Slave deck of the Albaroz, Prize to the Albatross, 1845,” National Maritime Museum.
Bottom: The Dying Negro,
engraving by James Neagle, frontispiece for Thomas Day,
The Dying Negro: A Poem
(London, 1793), courtesy of the Library Company of Philadelphia.

Page 14. “Representation of an Insurrection aboard a Slave-Ship,” in Carl B. Wadström,
An Essay on Colonization, particularly applied to the Western coast of Africa . . . in Two Parts
(London, 1794), courtesy of the Library Company of Philadelphia.

Page 15. “Marché aux Nègres,” by Laurent Deroy, after a drawing by Johann Moritz Rugendas, courtesy of the New York Public Library.

Page 16.
Top:
Portrait of Thomas Clarkson by Charles Turner after a painting by Alfred Edward Chalon, courtesy of Donald A. Heald Rare Books.
Bottom: Description of a Slave Ship
(London: James Phillips, 1789), courtesy of the Peabody-Essex Museum.

 
In Chapter 10

Page 312.
Plan of an African Ship’s Lower Deck, with Negroes in the proportion of not quite one to a Ton
(orig. publ. Plymouth, 1788; republ. Bristol, 1789), courtesy of the Bristol Record Office.