The South China Sea (47 page)

2.
Quoted in Stein Tønnesson,
Vietnam 1946: How the War Began
(Berkeley, 2010).

3.
Stein Tønnesson, ‘The South China Sea in the Age of European Decline’,
Modern Asian Studies
, vol. 40 (2006), 1–57.

4.
Michael Sullivan,
The Meeting of Eastern and Western Art
, rev. edn (Berkeley, 1997), 99.

5.
Ulises Granados, ‘Chinese Ocean Policies Towards the South China Sea in a Transitional Period, 1946–1952’,
The China Review
, vol. 6, no. 1 (2006), 153–81.

6.
Stein Tønnesson, ‘The South China Sea in the Age of European Decline’,
Modern Asian Studies
, vol. 40 (2006), 1–57, esp. 33.

7.
Ibid., 21.

8.
Daniel J. Dzurek, ‘The Spratly Islands Dispute: Who's On First?’,
Maritime Briefings
, vol. 2, no. 1 (1996), 15. Available at <
https://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/publications/view/?id=232
>.

9.
Personal interview with Ramir Cloma, son of Filemon Cloma, on 22 July 2012.

10.
Ibid.

11.
A.V.H. Hartendorp,
History of Industry and Trade of the Philippines: The Magsaysay Administration
(Manila, 1958), 209–30; Jose V. Abueva, Arnold P. Alamon and Ma. Oliva Z. Domingo,
Admiral Tomas Cloma: Father of Maritime Education and Discoverer of Freedomland/ Kalayaan Islands
(Quezon City, National College of Public Administration and Governance, (University of the Philippines, 1999), 36–7.

12.
Monique Chemillier-Gendreau,
Sovereignty over the Paracel and Spratly Islands
(Leiden, 2000), 42.

13.
Stein Tønnesson, ‘The South China Sea in the Age of European Decline’,
Modern Asian Studies
, vol. 40 (2006), 1–57, esp. 50.

14.
Monique Chemillier-Gendreau,
Sovereignty over the Paracel and Spratly Islands
(Leiden, 2000).

15.
Stein Tønnesson, ‘The South China Sea in the Age of European Decline’,
Modern Asian Studies
, vol. 40 (2006), 1–57, esp. 50.

16.
Rodolfo Severino,
Where in the World is the Philippines?
(Singapore, 2010).

17.
A.V.H. Hartendorp,
History of Industry and Trade of the Philippines: The Magsaysay Administration
(Manila, 1958).

18.
Rodolfo Severino,
Where in the World is the Philippines?
(Singapore, 2010).

19.
Daniel J. Dzurek, ‘The Spratly Islands Dispute: Who's On First?’,
Maritime Briefings
, vol. 2, no. 1 (1996), 19. Available at <
https://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/publications/view/?id=232
>.

20.
Marwyn S. Samuels,
Contest for the South China Sea
(London, 1982).

21.
Robert S. Ross,
The Indochina Tangle: China's Vietnam Policy 1975–1979
(New York, 1988).

22.
Chinese amphibious assaults in the Paracel Archipelago SRD-SR–44–74. US Army Special Research Detachment, Fort Meade, January 1974. Available from US Army Military History Institute.

23.
US Embassy Saigon, Weekly Roundup January 10–16 1974 US Embassy Saigon. Available at
http://aad.archives.gov/aad/createpdf?rid=10696&dt=2474&dl=1345
. See also RVN Captain Ha Van Ngac,
The January 19, 1974 Naval Battle for the Paracels against the People's Republic of China's Navy In the East Sea
(Austin, Texas, 1999), 40.

24.
Ho Van Ky Thoai,
Valor in Defeat: A Sailor's Journey
[
Can Truong Trong Chien Bai: Hanh Trinh Cua Mot Thuy Thu
] (Centreville, Virginia, 2007, self-published).

25.
US Embassy, Saigon, telegram GVN/PRC DISPUTE OVER PARACEL ISLANDS, 17 January 1974. Available at
http://aad.archives.gov/aad/createpdf?rid=4752&dt=2474&dl=1345
.

26.
Kiem Do and Julie Kane,
Counterpart: A South Vietnamese Naval Officer's War
(Annapolis, Maryland, 1998).

27.
Foreign Relations of the United States 1969–1976
, vol. 18, China, 1973–1976, Document 66. Available at <
http://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969–76v18/d66
>.

28.
China: People's Liberation Army
(Washington, JPRS Report, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, JPRS-CAR–90–005, 22 January 1990).

29.
Garver, John W., ‘China's Push through the South China Sea: The Intersection of Bureaucratic and National Interests’,
China Quarterly
132 (December 1992) 999–1028.

30.
You Ji, ‘The Evolution of China's Maritime Combat Doctrines and Models: 1949–2001’,
RSIS Working Papers
, no. 22 (Singapore, May 2002). Available at <
http://dr.ntu.edu.sg/handle/10220/4422
>.

31.
Yang Guoyu (ed.),
Dangdai Zhongguo Haijun
[
The Modern Chinese Navy
] (Beijing, 1987), cited by John W. Garver, ‘China's Push through the South China Sea: The Interaction of Bureaucratic and National Interests’,
The China Quarterly
, no. 132 (1992), 999–1028.

32.
For more on this see Chapter 9 of my
Vietnam: Rising Dragon
(New Haven, Connecticut, and London, 2010).

33.
M. Taylor Fravel,
Strong Borders, Secure Nation: Cooperation and Conflict in China's Territorial Disputes
(Princeton, New Jersey, 2008), 292.

34.
Chen Hurng-Yu, ‘The PRC's South China Sea Policy and Strategies of Occupation in the Paracel and Spratly Islands’,
Issues & Studies
, vol. 36, no. 4 (2000), 95–131.

35.
John W. Garver, ‘China's Push through the South China Sea: the Interaction of Bureaucratic and National Interests’,
The China Quarterly
, no. 132 (1992), 999–1028.

36.
David Hancox and Victor Prescott, ‘A Geographical Description of the Spratly Islands and an Account of Hydrographic Surveys Amongst those Islands’,
Maritime Briefings
, vol. 1, no. 6 (1995). Available at <
https://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/publications/view/?id=229
>.

37.
Two of the ships were American-built Second World War tank landing craft left behind at the end of the Vietnam War. HQ–505 was formerly the USS
Bulloch County
, built in 1943. The third was a freighter.

38.
‘Chinese Navy Detains Filipino Fishermen in Spratlys: Report’,
Agence France Presse
, Manila, 24 January 1995;
Lianhe zaobao
[
United Morning Post
], Singapore, 25 January 1995, 34, quoted in Chen Hurng-Yu, ‘The PRC's South China Sea Policy and Strategies of Occupation in the Paracel and Spratly Islands’,
Issues & Studies
, vol. 36, no. 4 (2000), 95–131.

39.
Liselotte Odgaard, ‘Between Deterrence and Cooperation: Eastern Asian Security after the “Cold War”’,
IBRU Boundary and Security Bulletin
, vol. 6, no. 2 (1998), 73 (map). Available at <
https://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/publications/view/?id=131
>.

40.
‘Philippines Orders Forces Strengthened in Spratlys’, Reuters News Service, 15 February 1995, quoted in Ian James Storey, ‘Creeping Assertiveness: China, the Philippines and the South China Sea Dispute’,
Contemporary Southeast Asia
, vol. 21 (1999), 95–118.

41.
‘Dragon Flexes its Muscles in Islands Dispute’,
Independent on Sunday
, 19 March 1995, quoted ibid.

42.
‘Spratlys Tension Helps Push Forces Upgrade’,
Jane's Defence Weekly
, 25 February 1995, quoted ibid.

43.
Renato Cruz de Castro, ‘The Aquino Administration's 2011 Decision to Shift Philippine Defense Policy from Internal Security to Territorial Defense: The Impact of the South China Sea Dispute’,
Korean Journal of Defense Analysis
, vol. 24 (2012), 67–87.

44.
East Asia Today
, BBC, Interview with Lee Kuan Yew, broadcast 6 June 1995.

45.
Ian James Storey, ‘Creeping Assertiveness: China, the Philippines and the South China Sea Dispute’,
Contemporary Southeast Asia
, vol. 21 (1999), 95–118.

46.
‘China Accepts Natunas Drill, Says Indonesia’, AFP report,
Straits Times
, 12 September 1996, 21.

Chapter 4: Rocks and Other Hard Places: the South China Sea and International Law

1.
Geoffrey Marston, ‘Abandonment of Territorial Claims: the Cases of Bouvet and Spratly Islands’,
The British Yearbook of International Law 1986
(Oxford, 1986), 337–56.

2.
Letter of 16 June 1955 from General Jacquot, General Commissioner of France and Acting Commander-in-Chief in Indochina, quoted in Monique Chemillier-Gendreau,
Sovereignty over the Paracel and Spratly Islands
(Leiden, 2000), Annex 40.

3.
Ulises Granados, ‘As China Meets the Southern Sea Frontier: Ocean Identity in the Making, 1902–1937’,
Pacific Affairs
, vol. 78 (2005), 443–61.

4.
‘Truong Sa Lon: Growing Town at Sea’, Vietnam News Agency, 18 May 2011.

5.
‘Spratlys to Become Self-sufficient in Food’,
Viet Nam News
, 19 July 2011.

6.
‘Vietnam Navy Commemorates Soldiers Killed in 1988 Clash with China’,
VoV
[
The Voice of Vietnam
], 8 January 2012.

7.
Rommel C. Banlaoi,
Philippines–China Security Relations: Current Issues and Emerging Concerns
(Manila, 2012).

8.
The atoll is known as the Tizard Bank after the second officer of the British naval ship that surveyed it in the 1860s. David Hancox and Victor Prescott, ‘A Geographical Description of the Spratly Islands and an Account of Hydrographic Surveys Amongst those Islands’,
Maritime Briefings
, vol. 1, no. 6 (1995). Available at <
https://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/publications/view/?id=229
>.

9.
General Juancho Sabban, personal interview on 5 March 2012 in Puerto Princesa, Philippines.

10.
‘Notification and Statement of Claim’, Republic of the Philippines, Department of Foreign Affairs, 22 January 2013. Available at <
http://www.dfa.gov.ph/index.php/component/docman/doc_download/56-notification-and-statement-of-claim-on-west-philippine-sea
>.

11.
The full judgment is available at <
http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/124/17164.pdf
>.

Chapter 5: Something and Nothing: Oil and Gas in the South China Sea

1.
Nayan Chanda and Tai Ming Cheung, ‘Reef Knots: China Seeks ASEAN Support for Spratly Plan’,
Far Eastern Economic Review
, August 1990, 11.

2.
‘Oil Discovered on Nansha Islands’,
Xinhua
, 24 July 1987.

3.
China Daily
, 24 December 1989.

4.
John W. Garver, ‘China's Push through the South China Sea: the Interaction of Bureaucratic and National Interests’,
The China Quarterly
, no. 132 (1992), 999–1028.

5.
Knut Snildal,
Petroleum in the South China Sea – a Chinese National Interest?
, Thesis, Department of Political Science, University of Oslo, 2000.

6.
Personal interview by telephone. 2 December 2013.

7.
‘Benton, Successful in 2 International Ventures, Plunges into Disputed China Play’,
Oilgram News
, 13 December 1996. See also John R. Engen, ‘Where Hope and Risk Go Hand in Hand’,
World Trade Magazine
, February 1996.

8.
World Trade Magazine
, February 1996.

9.
‘British Gas, Arco Begin Drilling in Area Claimed by Vietnam’,
The Oil Daily
, 7 June 1994.

10.
‘Crestone Begins Project in South China Sea Despite Dispute over Sovereignty of Area’,
The Oil Daily
, 20 April 1994.

11.
R. Thomas Collins,
Blue Dragon: Reckoning in the South China Sea
(Vienna, Virginia, 2002), 116.

12.
‘Heat Builds and Vietnam and China Begin to Drill’,
Offshore
, August 1994.

13.
Chan Wai-fong, ‘PLA Flexes its Muscles for Vietnam's Benefit’,
South China Morning Post
, 3 August 1994.

14.
‘Benton Oil And Gas Company Completes Acquisition of Crestone Energy Corporation’, PR Newswire, 5 December 1996.

15.
‘North Rail Project Launched; RP, China Start Building Rail Project from Manila to Ilocos’,
Manila Bulletin
, 6 April 2004.

16.
See <
http://www.asean-china-center.org/english/2010–07/12/c_13395670.htm
>.

17.
‘RP, China to Push Formation of Asian Anti-Terror Alliance’,
Philippines Star
, 1 September 2003.

18.
‘Oil Giants to tap Ocean Resources’,
Xinhua
, 13 November 2003.

19.
Maria Eloise Calderon, ‘Government Mulls Oil Search at Spratlys with China’,
Business World
, 24 August 2004.

20.
Aileen S.P. Baviera, ‘The Influence of Domestic Politics on Philippine Foreign Policy: The Case of Philippines–China Relations since 2004’,
RSIS Working Papers
, no. 241 (Singapore, June 2012). Available at <
http://www.rsis.edu.sg/publications/WorkingPapers/WP241.pdf
>.