The Wizards of Langley (63 page)

26
. John Pike, “Reagan Prepares for War in Outer Space,”
CounterSpy
7, 1 (September-November 1982): 17–22; James Bamford, “America’s Supersecret Eyes in Space,”
New York Times Magazine
, January 13, 1985, pp. 39ff.

27
. Richelson,
America’s Secret Eyes in Space
, p. 362.

28
. Interview with a former CIA official.

29
. Ibid.

30
. E. H. Knoche, Deputy Director of Central Intelligence, Memorandum for the Record, Subject: Meeting with National Security Adviser Brzezinski, December 30, 1976.

31
. Burrows,
Deep Black
, p. 226.

32
. Ibid.

33
. Ibid.

34
. Ibid., pp. 228–229; interview with a former CIA official.

35
. Interview with a former CIA official.

36
. Lindsey,
The Falcon and the Snowman
, pp. 49, 54.

37
. Ibid., pp. 54–63; James Bamford,
The Puzzle Palace: A Report on NSA, America’s Most Secret
Agency
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1982), pp. 512–514.

38
. Harry Rostizke,
KGB: The Eyes of Russia
(New York: Doubleday, 1981), p. 203; Bamford,
The Puzzle Palace
, p. 514; Lindsey,
The Falcon and the Snowman
, pp. 164–168.

39
. Rositze,
KGB
, pp. 203–204; Bamford,
The Puzzle Palace
, pp. 520–521.

40
. Rositze,
KGB
, p. 204; Bamford,
The Puzzle Palace
, p. 521.

41
.
United States of America v. Christopher John Boyce, CR-77-131-RJK,
United States District Court, Central District of California, Volume 5, Reporter’s Transcript of Proceedings, April 20, 1977, pp. 957–1008.

42
. Lindsey,
The Falcon and the Snowman
, p. 287.

43
.
United States of America v. Christopher John Boyce, CR-77-131-RJK,
pp. 1008–1009, 1012.

44
. Ibid., p. 1013; Lindsey,
The Falcon and the Snowman
, p. 287.

45
. Bamford,
The Puzzle Palace
, pp. 521–522; Philip J. Klass, “U.S. Monitoring Capability Impaired,”
Aviation Week and Space Technology
, May 14, 1979, p. 18; Burrows,
Deep Black
, p. 192; interview with Bernard Lubarsky, May 9, 2000.

46
. Andrew Tully,
Inside the FBI
(New York: Dell, 1987), p. 45; George Lardner Jr., “Spy Rings of One,”
Washington Post Magazine
, December 4, 1983, pp. 60–65.

47
. Henry Hurt, “CIA in Crisis: The Kampiles Case,”
Reader’s Digest
, June 1979, pp. 65–72.

48
. Tully,
Inside the FBI
, p. 45; Lardner, “Spy Rings of One”; Stansfield Turner,
Secrecy and
Democracy: The CIA in Transition
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1985), p. 65; interview with a former CIA official; Arthur S. Hulnick,
Fixing the Spy Machine: Preparing American Intelligence for the
Twenty-first Century
(Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1999), p. 104 n.14.

49
. Turner,
Secrecy and Democracy
, p. 69.

50
. Lardner, “Spy Rings of One”; Peebles,
Guardians
, p. 120;
United States of America v. William
Peter Kampiles
, United States District Court, Northern District of Indiana, November 6, 1978, Direct Testimony of Donald E. Stukey, pp. 804–808.

51
.
United States of America v. William Peter Kampiles
, Direct Testimony of Donald E. Stukey, p. 809;
United States of America v. William Peter Kampiles
, Direct Testimony of Vivian Psachos, p. 259; Lardner, “Spy Rings of One”; Tully,
Inside the FBI
, p. 42–43; Griffin Bell,
Taking Care of the Law
(New York: William Morrow, 1982), p. 119.

52
. Tully,
Inside the FBI
, pp. 43–44; Hurt, “CIA in Crisis”; Thomas O’Toole and Charles Babcock, “CIA ‘Big Bird’ Satellite Manual Was Allegedly Sold to the Soviets,”
Washington Post
, August 23, 1978, pp. A1, A16; Michael Ledeen, “A Mole in Our Midst,”
New York
, October 2, 1978, pp. 55–57; James Ott, “Espionage Trial Highlights CIA Problems,”
Aviation Week and Space Technology
, November 27, 1978, pp. 21–23; David Wise, “The Spy Who Wouldn’t Die,”
GQ
, July 1998, pp. 148ff.

53
. Tully,
Inside the FBI
, p. 52;
United States of America v. William Kampiles,
Direct Testimony of James Murphy, p. 352.

54
. Bell,
Taking Care of the Law
, p. 121.

55
. Ott, “Espionage Trial Highlights CIA Problems.”

56
.
United States of America v. William Peter Kampiles,
Direct Testimony of Leslie Dirks, pp. 6, 8.

57
. Ibid., pp. 10, 12.

58
. Ibid., p. 13.

59
. Ott, “Espionage Trial Highlights CIA Problems.”

60
. Ibid.

61
. Tully,
Inside the FBI
, pp. 48, 55.

62
. Ibid., p. 56.

63
. Interview with Roy Burks, North Potomac, Maryland, May 10, 1999.

64
. Interview with Robert Singel, Great Falls, Virginia, February 25, 1999; Burks interview.

65
. Michael E. Ruane, “Ex-CIA Employee Has Saluted Tiny Paper Soldiers Since ’20s,”
Dallas
Morning News
, February 28, 1999, p. 9F; “Appointment of Eight Special Assistants to the President for National Security Affairs,” White House, February 11, 1987; private information.

66
. Phillips interview.

67
. Ibid.; Burks interview.

68
. Bob Woodward,
VEIL: The Secret Wars of the CIA, 1981–1987
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987), p. 313.

69
. Burks interview.

70
. Laurence Stern, “U.S. Tapped Top Russians’ Car Phones,”
Washington Post
, December 5, 1973, pp. A1, A16; Ernest Volkman, “U.S. Spies Lend an Ear to Soviets,”
Newsday
, July 12, 1977, p. 7; Michael Frost and Michel Gratton,
Spyworld: Inside the Canadian and American Intelligence Establishments
(Toronto: Doubleday Canada, 1994), p. 60.

71
. Stern, “U.S. Tapped Top Russians’ Car Phones”; Volkman, “U.S. Spies Lend an Ear to Soviets”; Bill Gertz, “CIA Upset Because Perle Detailed Eavesdropping,”
Washington Times
, April 15, 1987, p. 2A.

72
. Jack Anderson, “CIA Eavesdrops on Kremlin Chiefs,”
Washington Post
, September 16, 1971, p. F7.

73
. Patrick Tyler,
A Great Wall: Six Presidents and China—An Investigative History
(New York: Public Affairs, 1999), pp. 83–84, 157.

74
. Burks interview; Phillips interview.

75
. Burks interview.

76
. Ibid.

77
. Woodward,
VEIL
, p. 314.

78
. NRO,
Deputy Directors of the NRO
, 1997, n.p.; “Office of Development and Engineering,” no date, portion of CIA document obtained under the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA); “Office of Research and Development,” no date, portion of CIA document obtained under the FOIA.

79
. Lubarsky interview.

80
. Ibid.; “Office of Development and Engineering.”

81
. Biography, Jeffrey K. Harris; private information.

82
. NRO, “Biography: Dennis Fitzgerald,” 1997.

83
. NRO, “David A. Kier, National Reconnaissance, Technical Director,” April 1997; private information.

84
. Interview with former CIA officials.

85
. Lubarsky interview; private information.

86
. Dial Torgeson, “U.S. Spy Devices Still Running at Iran Post,”
International Herald Tribune
, March 7, 1979, pp. A1, A8.

87
. Hedrick Smith, “U.S. Aides Say Loss of Post in Iran Impairs Missile-Monitoring Ability,”
New
York Times
, March 2, 1979, pp. A1, A8.

88
. William Sullivan,
Mission to Iran
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1981), pp. 21–22.

89
. U.S. Congress, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence,
Iran: Evaluation of U.S.
Intelligence Performance Prior to November 1978
(Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1979), pp. 6, 7; Central Intelligence Agency,
Iran in the 1980s
(Washington, D.C.: CIA, August 1977), p. iii.

90
. Interview with a former CIA official.

91
. Torgeson, “U.S. Spy Devices Still Running at Iran Post.”

92
. Desmond Ball,
Pine Gap: Australia and the U.S. Geostationary Signals Intelligence Program
(Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1988), pp. 58–59.

93
. Torgeson, “U.S. Spy Devices Still Running at Iran Post.”

94
. Ibid.; Cyrus Vance,
Hard Choices: Critical Years in America’s Foreign Policy
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983), p. 342; William Branigan, “Iran’s Airmen Keep U.S. Listening Posts Intact and Whirring,”
Washington Post
, May 20, 1979, p. A20.

95
. Smith, “U.S. Aides Say Loss of Post in Iran Impairs Missile-Monitoring Ability.”

96
. Vance,
Hard Choices
, pp. 354–355.

97
. Burks interview. On Teal Amber, see L. E. Dean, C. R. Johnson, and H. J. Strasler, “Teal Amber I,”
Journal of Defense Research
, Special Issue 78-3, 1978, pp. 151–170.

98
. Interview with William H. Nance, Bethesda, Maryland, May 4, 1999.

99
. Ibid.

100
. John Newhouse,
War and Peace in the Nuclear Age
(New York: Knopf, 1989), p. 224; Robert S. Ross,
Negotiating Cooperation: The United States and China, 1969–1989
(Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1995), p. 45; William Burr (ed.),
The Kissinger Transcripts: The Top-Secret
Talks with Beijing and Moscow
(New York: New Press, 1999), pp. 50–51, 170–171, 204; Tyler,
A
Great Wall,
p. 98.

101
. Nance interview.

102
. Ibid.

103
. Tyler,
A Great Wall
, pp. 205–207.

104
. Ibid., pp. 277–278.

105
. Philip Taubman, “U.S. and Peking Jointly Monitor Russian Missiles,”
New York Times
, June 18, 1981, pp. A1, A14; Murrey Marder, “Monitoring: Not-So-Secret-Secret,”
Washington Post
, June 19, 1981, p. 10.

106
. Tyler,
A Great Wall
, p. 284.

107
. Nance interview.

108
. Robert Gates,
From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider’s Account of Five Presidents and
How They Won the Cold War
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996), p. 123.

109
. David Bonavia, “Radar Post Leak May Be Warning to Soviet Union,”
The Times
(London), June 20, 1981, p. 5; Tyler,
A Great Wall
, p. 284.

110
. Tyler,
A Great Wall
, pp. 278, 285; “Spying on Russia, with China’s Help,”
U.S. News & World
Report
, June 29, 1981, p. 10; Taubman, “U.S. and Peking Joint Monitor Russian Missiles”; Robert C. Toth, “U.S., China Jointly Track Firings of Soviet Missiles,”
Los Angeles Times
, June 19, 1981, pp. 1, 9; Walter Pincus, “U.S. Seeks A-Test Monitoring Facility,”
Washington Post
, March 19, 1986, p. A8.

111
. Communication from former CIA officer.

112
. Antonio J. Mendez with Malcolm McConnell,
The Master of Disguise: My Secret Life in the
CIA
(New York: Morrow, 1999), p. 269.

113
. Ibid.; Jean Pelletier and Claude Adams,
The Canadian Caper
(New York: William Morrow, 1981), pp. 59–60, 79, 196.

114
. Mendez with McConnell,
The Master of Disguise
, p. 267; CIA Public Affairs Staff, “‘Trailblazers’ and Years of CIA Service,” 1997.

115
. Mendez with McConnell,
The Master of Disguise,
pp. 270, 272–273.

116
. Ibid., pp. 275–276.

117
. Antonio J. Mendez, “A Classic Case of Deception,”
Studies in Intelligence
, Winter 1999–2000, pp. 1–16 at pp. 2–3.

118
. Ibid., p. 3.

119
. Ibid., p. 3; Mendez with McConnell,
The Master of Disguise
, pp. 128, 277–278.

120
. Mendez with McConnell,
The Master of Disguise
, p. 278.

121
. Ibid., pp. 280–282; Mendez, “A Classic Case of Deception,” p. 4; Michael E. Ruane, “Seeing Is Deceiving,”
Washington Post
, February 15, 2000, pp. C1, C8.