The Worth of War (32 page)

25
. John F. Witte, “The Income Tax through World War I,” in
The Politics and Development of the Federal Income Tax
(Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1985).

26
. Margaret Myers,
A Financial History of the United States
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1970), 160–62.

27
. Ellis Paxson Oberholtzer,
Jay Cooke: Financier of the Civil War
(Philadelphia: Jacobs, 1907).

28
. Eric L. McKitrick, “Party Politics and the Union and Confederate War Efforts,” in
The American Party Systems
, ed. William Nisbett Chambers and Walter Dean Burnham, 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1975), 147.

29
. Irwin Unger,
The Greenback Era: A Social and Political History of American Finance, 1865–1879
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1964). Also, Robert Sharkey,
Money, Class and Party: An Economic History of Civil War and Reconstruction
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1959).

30
. Bensel,
Yankee Leviathan
, 252–53.

31
. Bensel, “Legislation, the Republican Party, and Finance Capital during Reconstruction,” in ibid. Also, Unger,
Greenback Era
, and Sharkey,
Money, Class and Party
.

32
. Allen et al., “How Important,” 34.

33
. Beckley, “Economic Development,” 1.

34
. Ibid., 7.

35
. Kennedy,
Rise and Fall
, 51.

36
. A. G. Hopkins, “The Victorians and Africa: A Reconsideration of the Occupation of Egypt, 1882,”
Journal of African History
27, no. 2 (1986): 372.

37
. Correlli Barnett,
The Audit of War
(London: Macmillan, 1986).

38
. Kennedy,
Rise and Fall
, xvi.

39
. Benjamin Ginsberg, “America: A Tough Nation,” in
The Value of Violence
(Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2013).

40
. Alexander Hamilton and James Madison,
Letters of Pacificus and Helvidius
(New York: Scholars Facsimiles and Reprints, 1999).

41
. Ira Katznelson, “Flexible Capacity: The Military and Early American Statebuilding,” in
Shaped by War and Trade: International Influences on American Political Development
, ed. Ira Katznelson and Martin Shefter (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002), 82–110.

42
. Theda Skocpol et al., “Patriotic Partnerships: Why Great Wars Nourished American Civic Voluntarism,” in ibid., 143–80.

43
. Michael D. Pearlman,
Warmaking and American Democracy
(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1999), 57.

44
. Chilton Williamson,
American Suffrage from Property to Democracy, 1760–1860
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1960).

45
. Benjamin Ginsberg,
The Consequences of Consent
(New York: Random House, 1982).

46
. Eric Foner,
Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1970).

47
. Iver Bernstein,
The New York City Draft Riots
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1997).

48
. Jack F. Leach,
Conscription in the United States
(Rutland, VT: Charles E. Tuttle, 1952), 296.

49
. David M. Kennedy,
Over Here: The First World War and American Society
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), 144–67.

50
. Stephen Kohn,
Jailed for Peace
(Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1986).

51
. Kennedy,
Over Here
, 144–67.

52
. Martin Shefter,
Political Parties and the State
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), 88–91.

53
. For a discussion of
postmaterial
politics, see Jeffrey M. Berry,
The New Liberalism
(Washington, DC: Brookings, 1999).

54
. Herbert D. A. Donovan,
The Barnburners
(New York: New York University Press, 1925).

55
. George L. Mayer,
The Republican Party, 1854–1966
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1967), 71.

56
. Ibid., 161.

57
. Howard Jones,
Crucible of Power
(Wilmington, DE: SR Books, 2001), 103–5.

58
. Senator Hiram Johnson, quoted in Mayer,
Republican Party
, 354.

59
. Mayer,
Republican Party
, 353.

60
. Ellen Schrecker,
Many Are the Crimes
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1998).

61
. Herbert Shapiro, “The Vietnam War and the American Civil Rights Movement,” in
The Vietnam Antiwar Movement
, ed. Walter Hixson (New York: Garland, 2000), 71–95.

62
. Benjamin Ginsberg and Martin Shefter,
Politics by Other Means
, 3rd ed. (New York: Norton, 2002), 91.

63
. Robert D. Johnson, “The Origins of Dissent: Senate Liberals and Vietnam,” in Hixson,
Vietnam Antiwar
, 151–275.

64
. Scott Gartner, Gary Segura, and Michael Wilkening, “Local Losses and Individual Attitudes toward the Vietnam War,” in ibid., 193–218.

65
. Bartholomew Sparrow, “Limited Wars and the Attenuation of the State,” in Katznelson and Shefter,
Shaped by War
, 277–78.

66
. Allan R. Millett and Peter Maslowski, “American Defense Policy for Extended Deterrence and Containment: 1953–1965,” in
For the Common Defense
(New York: Free Press, 1964).

67
. Allan R. Millett,
Semper Fidelis: The History of the United States Marine Corps
(New York: Free Press, 1991), 292–96.

68
. Millett and Maslowski, “American Defense Policy,” 366.

69
. John P. Burke,
The Institutional Presidency
, 2nd ed. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000), 37–40.

70
. Joel R. Paul, “The Geopolitical Constitution: Executive Expediency and Executive Agreements,”
University of California Law Review
86 (July 1998): 713–14.

71
. Ibid., 720–21.

72
. Ibid. Also, Louis Fisher,
The Politics of Shared Power: Congress and the Executive
(College Station: Texas A&M University Press), 190–91.

73
. Harold W. Stanley and Richard Niemi,
Vital Statistics on American Politics, 2001–2002
(Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly, 2001), 334.

74
. John C. Yoo, “Laws as Treaties? The Constitutionality of Congressional-Executive Agreements,”
University of Michigan Law Review
99 (February 2001): 757.

75
. Judith Goldstein, “International Forces and Domestic Politics: Trade Policy and Institution Building in the United States,” in Katznelson and Shefter,
Shaped by War
, 214–21.

76
. Phillip J. Cooper,
By Order of the President: The Use and Abuse of Executive Direct Action
(Lawrence: University of Kansas Press), 144.

77
. Ibid., 158.

78
. Rhodri Jeffreys-Jones,
The CIA and American Democracy
, 3rd ed. (Yale University Press, 2003) 55–56.

79
. Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.,
The Imperial Presidency
(New York: Houghton-Mifflin, 1973), 167.

80
. Keith Whittington and Daniel P. Carpenter, “Executive Power in American Institutional Development,”
Perspectives on Politics
1, no. 3 (September, 2003): 495–513.

81
. Ibid., 505–6.

82
. Robert J. Donovan,
Conflict and Crisis: The Presidency of Harry S. Truman, 1945–1948
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1977), 296–97.

83
. Athan Theoharis, ed.,
The Truman Presidency: The Origins of the Imperial Presidency and the National Security State
(Stanfordville, NY: E. M. Coleman, 1979), 257–61.

84
. Schlesinger, “The Secrecy System,” in
Imperial Presidency
.

85
. George Q. Flynn,
The Draft, 1940–1973
(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1993), 265.

86
. Douglas Bandow, “Fixing What Ain't Broke: The Renewed Call for Conscription,”
Policy Analysis
351 (August 31, 1999): 2.

87
. Charles B. Rangel, “Bring Back the Draft,”
New York Times
, December 31, 2002, A21.

88
. Thomas E. Ricks, “Ready,” in
Making the Corps
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997).

89
. Ole R. Holsti, “Of Chasms and Convergences: Attitudes and Beliefs of Civilians and Military Elites at the Start of a New Millennium,” in Peter D. Feaver and Richard H. Kohn,
Soldiers and Civilians
(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001), 15–100.

90
. Jonathan Turley, “The Military Pocket Republic,”
Northwestern University Law Review
97 (Fall 2002): 1.

91
. David M. Halbfinger and Steven A. Holmes, “Military Mirrors a Working-Class America,”
New York Times
, March 30, 2003, 1. Also, David Shiflett, “An Army That Drawls: Johnny Reb Goes to Iraq and Everywhere Else,”
National Review
, May 5, 2003, 29–30.

92
. Vernon Loeb, “In Iraq, Pace of US Casualties Has Accelerated,”
Washington Post
, December 28, 2003, 1.

93
. Lawrence F. Kaplan, “Willpower: Why the Public Can Stomach Casualties in Iraq,”
New Republic
, September 8, 2003, 19–22.

94
. Dana Priest, “Private Guards Repel Attack on US Headquarters,”
New York Times
, April 6, 2004, 1.

95
. James Dao, “Private Guards Take Big Risks, for Right Price,”
New York Times
, April 2, 2004, 1.

96
. Dana Priest and Mary Pat Flaherty, “Under Fire, Security Firms Form an Alliance,”
Washington Post
, April 8, 2004, 1.

97
. P. W. Singer,
Corporate Warriors: The Rise of the Privatized Military Industry
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1977), 207.

98
. Ibid., 208.

99
. Ibid., 210–11.

100
. Geoffrey Perret,
A Country Made by War
(New York: Random House, 1989), 305–8.

101
. George Friedman and Meredith Friedman,
The Future of War: Power, Technology, and American World Dominance in the 21st Century
(New York: St. Martin's, 1996).

102
. Matthew Brzezinski, “The Unmanned Army,”
New York Times Magazine
, April 20, 2003, 38–80.

103
. MacGregor Knox and Williamson Murray, eds.,
The Dynamics of Military Revolution, 1300–2050
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 188–92.

104
. Christopher Palmeri, “A Predator That Preys on Hawks?”
Business Week
, February 17, 2003, 78.

CHAPTER 5: BEATING SWORDS INTO MALIGN PLOWSHARES

1
. Charles Tilly, “Reflections on the History of European State Building,” in
The Formation of National States in Western Europe
, ed. Charles Tilly (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975), 3–83.

2
. Robert Higgs,
Crisis and Leviathan: Critical Episodes in the Growth of American Government
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1987).

3
. Herbert O. Yardley,
The American Black Chamber
(Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill, 1931).

4
. James Bamford, “They Know Much More Than You Think,”
New York Review
, August 15, 2013, 4–8.

5
. Jennifer Bachner, Katherine Wagner Hill, and Benjamin Ginsberg, eds.,
Analytics, Policy and Governance
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014).

6
. Ellen Nakashima, “Skepticism Deepens about NSA Program,”
Washington Post
, August1, 2013, 1.

7
. Daniel J. Solove,
Nothing to Hide: The False Tradeoff between Privacy and Security
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011).

8
. Ibid.

9
. Jean Hampton,
Hobbes and the Social Contract Tradition
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 46. Hampton indicates that this quote is ‘after Bacon,' whom Hobbes served as a secretary.

10
. Matthew Dillon and Lynda Garland, eds.,
Ancient Greece: Social and Historical Documents from Archaic Times to the Death of Alexander
(New York: Rutledge, 2010), 18.

11
. Thomas P. Crocker, “The Political Fourth Amendment,”
Washington University Law Review
88, no. 2 (2010): 347.

12
. 367 US 717 (1961).

13
. Herring v. United States, 555 US 135 (2009).

14
. Curt Gentry, “The Man Who Came to Dinner,” in
J. Edgar Hoover: The Man and the Secrets
(New York: W. W. Norton, 2001).

15
. Ibid., 782.

16
. Ronald Kessler,
The Bureau
(New York: St. Martin's, 2003), 137.

17
. Gentry, “Listen,” in
J. Edgar Hoover
.

18
. Ibid., 725.

19
. Quoted in Kessler,
Bureau
, 157.

20
. Seymour Hersh, “Huge CIA Operation Reported in US against Antiwar Forces, Other Dissidents in Nixon Years,”
New York Times
, December 22, 1974, 1.

21
. James Bamford,
The Shadow Factory
(New York: Anchor, 2009).

22
. Quoted in Solove,
Nothing to Hide
, 10.

23
. James Bamford, “The Agency That Could Be Big Brother,”
New York Times
, December 25, 2005,
http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/25/weekinreview/25bamford.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0
.