This Great Struggle (64 page)

CHAPTER 5: MCCLELLAN’S GREAT CAMPAIGN

On Lincoln’s interaction with McClellan, see T. Harry Williams,
Lincoln and His Generals
(New York: Knopf, 1952). On the naval battle of Hampton Roads, see William C. Davis,
Duel between the First Ironclads
(Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1994); Gene A. Smith,
Iron and Heavy Guns: Duel between the Monitor and Merrimac
(Fort Worth, TX: Ryan Place Publishers, 1996); and Spencer C. Tucker,
A Short History of the Civil War at Sea
(Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 2002).

On the Peninsula Campaign, see Stephen W. Sears,
To the Gates of Richmond: The Peninsula Campaign
(New York: Ticknor & Fields, 1992). On Jackson’s Shenandoah Valley Campaign, see Robert G. Tanner,
Stonewall in the Valley: Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson’s Shenandoah Valley Campaign, Spring
1862
(Mechanicsville, PA: Stackpole Books, 1996). On Davis’s interaction with Johnston and Lee during these operations, see Steven E. Woodworth,
Davis and Lee at War
(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1995). On Robert E. Lee, see Emory M. Thomas,
Robert E. Lee: A Biography
(New York: Norton, 1995). For a more critical view of Lee, see Alan T. Nolan,
Lee Considered: General Robert E. Lee and Civil War History
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991). For the definitive biography of Jackson, see James I. Robertson Jr.,
Stonewall Jackson: The Man, The Soldier, The Legend
(New York: Macmillan, 1997).

1. William W. Averell, “With the Cavalry on the Peninsula,” in Robert U. Johnson and Clarence C. Buel, eds.,
Battles and Leaders of the Civil War
, 4 vols. (New York: Thomas Yoseloff, 1956), 2:432.

CHAPTER 6: CONFEDERATE HIGH TIDE

On the career of George B. McClellan, see Stephen W. Sears,
George B. McClellan: The Young Napoleon
(New York: Ticknor & Fields, 1988). On the Maryland Campaign and the Battle of Antietam, see Sears’s
Landscape Turned Red: The Battle of Antietam
(New Haven, CT: Ticknor & Fields, 1983).

On the handful of women who disguised themselves as men to enlist in the Civil War armies, see DeAnne Blanton and Lauren M. Cook,
They Fought Like Demons: Women Soldiers in the American Civil War
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2002).

For an excellent discussion of Lincoln’s progress toward emancipation as well as the significance of the Emancipation Proclamation, see Allen C. Guelzo,
Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation: The End of Slavery in America
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004).

On the second Bull Run Campaign, see John J. Hennessy,
Return to Bull Run: The Campaign and Battle of Second Manassas
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993). On Lee’s conduct of the summer campaigns of 1862 and his relations with Jefferson Davis, see Steven E. Woodworth,
Davis and Lee at War
(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1995). On the significance of Lee’s victories on Confederate morale and nationalism, see Gary W. Gallagher,
The Confederate War
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997).

1. Roy Edgar Appleman, ed.,
Abraham
Lincoln:
From
His
Own
Words
and
Contemporary Accounts
(Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, 1942), 31.

2. Appleman,
Abraham Lincoln
, 31.

3. U.S. War Department,
The
War
of
the
Rebellion:
Official
Records
of
the
Union
and Confederate Armies
, 128 vols. (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1881–1901), series 1, vol. 12, pt. 3, p. 474 (Hereinafter cited as OR; except as otherwise noted, all references are to series 1).

4. John J. Hennessy,
Return
to
Bull
Run:
The
Campaign
and
Battle
of
Second
Manassas
(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993), 241–42; A. Wilson Greene,
The Second Battle of Manassas
(Fort Washington, PA: Eastern National, 2006), 38.

CHAPTER 7: LINCOLN TAKES NEW MEASURES

On Lincoln and the Emancipation Proclamation, see Allen C. Guelzo,
Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation: The End of Slavery in America
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004). On British reaction to the Emancipation Proclamation, see Howard Jones,
Abraham Lincoln and a New Birth of Freedom: The Union and Slavery in the Diplomacy of the Civil War
(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1999).

On the Confederate invasion of Kentucky, see Kenneth W. Noe,
Perryville: This Grand Havoc of Battle
(Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2001), and Steven E. Woodworth,
Jefferson Davis and His Generals: The Failure of Confederate Command in the West
(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1990), which also covers the activities of Van Dorn and Price in Mississippi. Similarly, Earl J. Hess,
Banners to the Breeze: The Kentucky Campaign, Corinth, and Stones River
(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2000), covers both campaigns as well as the later Battle of Stones River. For a brief account of the Kentucky Campaign, see James McDonough,
War in Kentucky: From Shiloh to Perryville
(Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1994).

On the Battle of Fredericksburg, see George C. Rable,
Fredericksburg! Fredericksburg!
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002). On the battles of Corinth, Iuka, and the Hatchie River, see, in addition to Woodworth’s and Hess’s works mentioned above, Steven E. Woodworth,
Nothing but Victory: The Army of the Tennessee, 1861–1865
(New York: Knopf, 2006), and, for a brief account, Steven Nathaniel Dossman,
Campaign for Corinth: Blood in Mississippi
(Abilene, TX: McWhiney Foundation Press, 2006). On Ulysses S. Grant, see Brooks D. Simpson,
Ulysses S. Grant: Triumph over Adversity, 1822– 1865
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2000). On the Battle of Stones River, in addition to Hess’s work mentioned above, see James McDonough,
Stones River—Bloody Winter in Tennessee
(Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1994).

1. OR vol. 30, p. 442.

CHAPTER 8: “PEACE DOES NOT APPEAR SO DISTANT AS IT DID”

On discouragement within Grant’s Army of the Tennessee during the winter encampment in front of Vicksburg, see Steven E. Woodworth,
Nothing but Victory: The Army of the Tennessee,
1861–1865
(New York: Knopf, 2006). On the focus of Confederate morale and nationality on Lee’s army, see Gary W. Gallagher,
The Confederate War
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997). On dissension within the high command of Bragg’s Army of Tennessee, see Steven E. Woodworth,
Jefferson Davis and His Generals: The Failure of Confederate Command in the West
(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1990), and Thomas L. Connelly,
Autumn of Glory: The Army of Tennessee,
1862–1865
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1971).

There are a number of excellent works on Grant’s Vicksburg Campaign. They include Michael B. Ballard,
Vicksburg: The Campaign That Opened the Mississippi
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004); William L. Shea and Terrence J. Winschell,
Vicksburg Is the Key: The Struggle for the Mississippi River
(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2003); Warren E. Grabau,
Ninety-Eight Days: A Geographer’s View of the Vicksburg Campaign
(Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2000); and Edwin C. Bearss’s encyclopedic three-volume
The Campaign for Vicksburg
(Dayton, OH: Morningside, 1985– 1986). Additional insights on the opposing commanders can be found in Brooks D. Simpson,
Ulysses S. Grant: Triumph over Adversity
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2000), and Michael B. Ballard,
Pemberton
(Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1991).

On the Battle of Chancellorsville, see Ernest B. Furgurson,
Chancellorsville
1863:
The Souls of the Brave
(New York: Knopf, 1992). For an alternative interpretation of the battle, strongly favorable to Hooker, see Stephen W. Sears,
Chancellorsville
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1996).

Thanks in part to the myth that it was somehow the turning point or decisive battle of the Civil War, Gettysburg has attracted a voluminous literature, of which the following is a minute selection. For a short overview of the campaign and battle, see Steven E. Woodworth,
Beneath a Northern Sky: A Short History of the Gettysburg Campaign
(Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2008). The classic work on the campaign is Edwin B. Coddington,
The Gettysburg Campaign: A Study in Command
(New York: Scribner’s, 1968). A more recent comprehensive study of the campaign is Stephen W. Sears,
Gettysburg
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2003). On the decision by the Confederate cabinet to allow Lee to keep Longstreet’s corps and invade Pennsylvania, see Steven E. Woodworth,
Davis and Lee at War
(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1995). On the first day’s fighting at Gettysburg, see Warren W. Hassler,
Crisis at the Crossroads: The First Day at Gettysburg
(Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1970), and Harry W. Pfanz,
Gettysburg: The First Day
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001). On the second day, see Harry W. Pfanz,
Gettysburg: The Second Day
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1987). On the fighting on Culp’s and Cemetery hills, spanning the second and third days, see Harry W. Pfanz,
Gettysburg: Culp’s Hill and Cemetery Hill
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993). On the third day’s fighting, see Jeffry D. Wert,
Gettysburg: Day Three
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001). On the assault known as Pickett’s Charge, see George Ripley Stewart,
Pickett’s Charge: A Microhistory of the Final Attack at Gettysburg, July 3, 1863
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1959); John Michael Priest,
Into the Fight: Pickett’s Charge at Gettysburg
(Shippensburg, PA: White Mane, 1998); and Earl J. Hess,
Pickett’s Charge: The Last Attack at Gettysburg
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001). On Lee’s retreat from Gettysburg and the impressive haul of supplies that his army took with it to Virginia, see Kent Masterson Brown,
Retreat from Gettysburg: Lee, Logistics, and the Pennsylvania Campaign
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005).

On the Tullahoma Campaign, see Steven E. Woodworth,
Six Armies in Tennessee: The Chickamauga and Chattanooga Campaigns
(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998), and Michael R. Bradley,
Tullahoma: The
1863
Campaign for the Control of Middle Tennessee
(Shippensburg, PA: Burd Street Press, 2000).

1. OR vol. 25, pt. 2, p. 4.

2. OR ser. 3, vol. 3, p. 734.

CHAPTER 9: “THE UNFINISHED WORK”

On Confederate finance, see Mark Thornton and Robert B. Ekeland Jr.,
Tariffs, Blockades, and Inflation: The Economics of the Civil War
(Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 2004), and Douglas B. Ball,
Financial Failure and Confederate Defeat
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1991). On the Richmond Bread Riot, see Emory M. Thomas,
The Confederate State of Richmond: A Biography of the Capital
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1971). On Union conscription and how it was administered, see Eugene C. Murdock,
One Million Men: The Civil War Draft in the North
(Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1971). On the New York City draft riot, see Edward K. Spann,
Gotham at War: New York City,
1860–1865
(Wilmington, DE: SR Books, 2002). On civil liberties in the Union during the war, see Mark E. Neely,
The Fate of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln and Civil Liberties
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1991). For a contrasting study of civil liberties in the Confederacy, see Neely’s
Confederate Bastille: Jefferson Davis and Civil Liberties
(Milwaukee, WI: Marquette University Press, 1993). On Clement Vallandigham, see Frank L. Klement,
Limits of Dissent: Clement L. Vallandigham and the Civil War
(New York: Fordham University Press, 1998).

On the Chickamauga and Chattanooga campaigns, see Steven E. Woodworth,
Six Armies in Tennessee: The Chickamauga and Chattanooga Campaigns
(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998). On the Battle of Chattanooga, see also Wiley Sword,
Mountains Touched with Fire: Chattanooga Besieges
(New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995). On the Gettysburg Address and Lincoln’s oratorical skill in general, see Ronald C. White Jr.,
The Eloquent President: A Portrait of Lincoln through His Words
(New York: Random House, 2005).

1. Archer Anderson, “The Campaign and Battle of Chickamauga,”
Southern
Historical Society Papers
, 52 vols. (Richmond: Virginia Historical Society, 1876–1959), 9:396.

2. Roy P. Basler, ed.,
Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln
, 9 vols. (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1953–1955), 7:23.

CHAPTER 10: FROM THE RAPIDAN TO THE JAMES TO THE POTOMAC

On Grant’s plans for the 1864 campaign, see Brooks D. Simpson,
Ulysses S. Grant: Triumph over Adversity,
1822–1865
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2000). On the campaign from the Wilderness to Spotsylvania to North Anna and Cold Harbor, see Mark Grimsley’s excellent short summary
And Keep Moving On: The Virginia Campaign, May-June
1864
(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2002). Gordon Rhea has provided a more detailed treatment of the campaign in his excellent series of books,
The Battle of the Wilderness, May 5–6,
1864
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1994),
The Battles for Spotsylvania Court House and the Road to Yellow Tavern, May
7–12, 1864
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1997),
To the North Anna River: Grant and Lee, May
13–25, 1864
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2000), and
Cold Harbor: Grant and Lee, May 26–June 3,
1864
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2002).