Trotsky (53 page)

NKVD and revolutionary activities of, in Mexico and Spain, 246–50, 250

Orozco murals and, 164

trial and life of, after death of Trotsky, 296–97

Smith Act (1940), 298

Sneevliet, Henk, 140–43, 145

social democratic left, 301

socialism.
See also
Communism; Marxism; Stalinism; Trotskyists;
and specific countries, organizations, parties and factions

inevitability of, 219, 221

“in one country,” 46

Trotsky on, and WW II, 212–13

Socialist Appeal,
145

Socialist Party of America, 17, 209

socialist realism, 150–51, 165

Socialist Revolutionaries (Russian), 180

Socialist Workers Party (American), 145, 208, 209, 211, 242, 271, 293

FBI raid on, in Minneapolis, 297–98

founding congress of 1937 and split between Majority and Minority, over Stalinism, dialectical materialism, and invasion of Finland, 211–13, 222–29, 234, 271–74, 280, 305

security for Trotsky and, 262–63

Trotsky assassination and, 292

Van leaves, 300–301

See also
American Trotskyists

Society of Veterans of the Spanish Republic, 248

Sokolovskaya, Alexandra (first wife), 67, 103, 106–8

children of,
see
Bronstein, Nina;

Volkova, Zinaida

Souvarine, Boris, 156

Soviet Union (Russia, USSR), 44, 82.
See also
Bolsheviks; Central Committee; Communist Party of the Soviet Union; Moscow show trials; NKVD; Politburo; Red Army; Russian Revolution of October 1917;
and specific organizations and individuals

art and literature in, 82, 149–52, 157–58

authoritarianism and, 45, 301

backlash vs. Trotsky in, 2, 26–27

“bureaucratic collectivism” and, 10, 179, 210–11, 301

civil war in, 21–28, 46, 51, 213, 232, 294

collectivization and industrialization drive in, 46–47

death of Lenin and, 191–92

death of Stalin and de-Stalinization in, 294

“degenerated workers’ state” debate and, 210–13, 293, 305–6

Dewey and, 38–39, 43, 53

Eastman visits, 218

espionage by, in U.S., 181

Gide visits, 160

Gorbachev and demise of communism in, 303–5

Hitler’s invasion of, 2

Kronstadt rebellion and, 51–54

Natalia disavows, 293–94

Nazi-Soviet pact and invasions following, 2–3, 211–13, 222–23, 223–25

October Revolution and, 187–88

October Revolution tenth-anniversary celebration in, 81–82

“permanent revolution” and, 45–46

Popular Front and, 19, 37–38

purges in, 9, 47, 51, 62, 83, 107, 141, 144, 151, 177, 203, 210, 294

Reagan and, 301

Rivera and, 81–82, 87

secret police files of, 113–15

secret police,
see
NKVD

Seva visits half sister in, 304

Spanish civil war and, 10, 122–24

Stalin’s rise in, 187–88

Trotsky expelled from, 101–6

Trotsky predicts revolution vs. Stalin in, 10

Trotsky’s family arrested and killed in, 42, 61–63, 77–78, 96–98, 106–8, 111–14, 118

Spanish Communist Party, 123, 206

Spanish Falangists, 10, 203

Spanish Nationalists, 122

Spanish Republic, 18, 122, 206

civil war and (1936–39), 10, 122–24, 134, 137, 144, 153, 160, 172, 200, 203, 211, 247–49, 257, 259, 272, 299

revolution of 1931, 206

Rivera and, 78

Spanish Republican Army, 206, 248–49

Spanish Republican Loyalists, 122, 203

Spartacus Youth League, 134

Spiegel, Rae, 130

Stalin (Joseph Djugashvili, “Koba”), 156, 186

arrests and murders of Trotsky’s family and, 62–63, 78, 96–98, 106–8, 111–14, 118

artists and writers suppressed by, 150–52

assassination of Trotsky and, 7–9, 114, 125, 137, 174–78, 200, 255, 261, 295

death of, 294, 299

death of Lenin, and struggle vs. Trotsky, 46, 82, 89, 191–94, 196–97, 216–18, 225

debate over, in American left, 211–12

early feud with Trotsky, 26–28

early revolutionary activity of, 186–88

exile and denunciation of Trotsky by, 1–2, 8, 28, 96–97, 178

Gorbachev rehabilitates victims of, 303–4

Kahlo and, 296

Lenin’s warning and testament on, 96–97, 218, 233–34

Lyova’s visa rejected by, 103

Moscow trials and purges by, 8–9, 32–35, 37–38, 83, 113–14, 176

Nazi-Soviet nonagression pact and, 2, 201–4, 211–12

Orlov blackmails, 145

repressive dictatorship of, 44, 46, 87

Rivera and, 82, 85, 147, 173, 296

Spanish civil war and, 123, 249

Trotsky archives and, 139, 143

Trotsky’s denunciations of, 1–2, 10–11, 36, 44, 55, 179–80, 182–88, 195–97, 229, 230, 252, 258

WW II and, 293

Stalinism art and culture and, 160–61

Natalia on, 293

Partisan Review
on, 155–57

Trotsky’s opposition to, 51–52, 153, 181–82, 212–13, 217, 221

Stalinist agents, 19, 39, 228–29.
See also
NKVD;
and specific individuals

“Stalin’s Crimes” (Trotsky), 182

Stanford University, Trotsky archives at, 303

Stanley, Sherman, 225, 228

“Stein.”
See
Orlov, Alexander

Stevens, Wallace, 154

Stolberg, Benjamin, 41, 49

Stone, Hank, 125–26, 132, 134–38

“substitutionism,” 45

Sudetenland, 202

Sudoplatov, Pavel, 174–78, 200, 295

Surrealism, 59, 147–48, 158–61, 167

Svyazhsk, Battle of, 22

Symbolism, 149–50, 159

Symposium
(journal), 210

Syndicalists, 123

Syndicate of Technical Workers, Painters, and Sculptors, 81

Teamsters Union, 135–38, 209, 228, 264, 277–78, 298

Ten Days That Shook the World
(Reed), 75, 216

Third International.
See
Comintern

Thomas, Norman, 17

Thomas, Wendelin, 49, 52–53

Time,
29, 31, 181

“To the Conscience of the World” (Natalia), 63

Tolstoy, Alexis, 151

Tolstoy, Leo, 70, 148

Toluca volcano, 161

Tomsky, Mikhail, 194

totalitarianism, 211–12

Tresca, Carlo, 49

“Trials of the Mind” (Rahv), 157

Trilling, Lionel, 153–54

Trotsky, Alexandra (first wife).
See
Sokolovskaya, Alexandra

Trotsky, Leon (Lev Davidovich Bronstein, “Old Man,” OM, LD),
3, 4, 29, 42, 91, 110, 121, 169, 190, 224, 236, 239, 267, 274

accuses Stalin of poisoning Lenin, 196–98

affair with Frida Kahlo and, 14, 17, 58–61, 63–65, 70–71, 171, 173

aftermath of death of, 293–306

American Trotskyists and security arrangements for, 10–11, 31

American Trotskyist split over Stalinism and “Russian question” and dialectical materialism, 210–13, 222–29, 271–74

anti-Stalinist left and
Partisan Review
and, 152–56

archives of, and Moscow trials as sham, 10–11

archives of, at Harvard and Stanford, 56, 253–54, 282, 303

archives of, brought into exile, 118, 178–79, 252

archives of, stolen by Stalinist agents, 300, 303

arrest of, in czarist Russia and escape, 106, 215

arrives in Mexico, 8–9, 13–22, 28–31, 220–21

art and literature and, 147–67

art and politics discussions with Breton and Rivera, 164–66

assassination and death of, 282–92, 304–5

assassination attempt on, of February 1938, 93–95, 132

assassination attempt on, of May 1940, 1–8, 252–61, 279

assassination of, Kremlin role revealed in 1989, 304

asylum in Mexico offered to, with help of Rivera, 18–20

autobiography of, 75–76

awarded Order of Red Banner, 28

birthday party of, on anniversary of October Revolution, 73–75, 77

Bolshevik-Menshevik split and attack on Lenin by, 214–15, 227

Bolshevism embraced by, in Faustian pact, 45

breaks with Stalin and expelled from USSR, 175, 178–79

Breton visits, in Mexico, 147–48, 158–67

cactus hunting and gardening of, 4, 189–90, 236–37, 250

caricatures of, in USSR, 2

children of, 42–43, 67

Columbia University celebration of 100th anniversary of birth of, attended by granddaughter Yulia, 302

correspondence with Lyova, 303

correspondence with Zborowski after death of Lyova and suspicions, 142–43

danger to, in Mexico, 10–11, 31

daughter Zina’s exile and suicide and, 103–7

death of daughter-in-law Anna and, 109

death of daughter Nina and, 103

death of Lenin and, 191–94, 196–97

death of Lyova and, 94–99, 111–19, 132, 139, 142, 182

deaths of grandchildren of, 103, 107–8

defamation suit vs., by Mexican press, 274–76, 279, 283

defectors from USSR and, 141

defends USSR as workers’ state, despite Stalin’s excesses, 47, 305–6

Dewey commission of inquiry and Moscow show trials 37–54

diaries of, 62–63

Dies Committee and, 250–51

disputes Eastman and Trotskyist Minority over dialectical materialism and “Russian question,” 217–23, 234

early life of, 25–26

exiled by Stalin after expulsion from Communist Party, 8–9, 28, 99–103

exile of, in France, 8, 33, 58, 91, 109, 120, 139, 148, 181, 195

exile of, in Norway, 8–9, 86, 109–10

exile of, on Turkey’s Prinkipo island, 8, 14, 33, 58, 91, 101–3, 178–79, 188–89, 217–18, 220, 305

family of, arrested and murdered by Stalin, 78, 97, 103–8, 176–77

“fellow travelers” term invented by, 150

finances of, 135, 181–83, 188, 238, 243, 253–64

Fourth International and, 85, 204–9

Frankel’s break with, 63–64

Frida Kahlo self-portrait dedicated to, 71, 173

friendship with Fernández family, 131–32

friendship with Rivera, 87–89, 91–93, 161,
169

friendship with Rivera unravels, 147, 167–73, 195

grandson Seva and, 103–7, 109, 118, 195, 198–99, 201

grave of, in Coyoacán, 293

Herring Latin America seminar and, 272

Hippodrome speech by, on Moscow show trials, 35–37

hobbies and exercise of, 4

hobby of raising rabbits and chickens, 238–39

hunting, fishing, and exercise loved by, 91, 188–91

ill health of, in Mexico, 3–4, 55–57, 230–31, 273–77

illness of, with cryptogenic fever in Mexico, 194–96

illness of, with paratyphoid, in Russia after hunting trip, 190–92

intellectualism of, 155

Jewish ancestry and background of, 25, 91, 155

Kronstadt rebellion and, 51–54

leads Red Army to victory in Russian civil war and, 21–28, 46, 151

Left Opposition and Politburo dispute with Stalin of 1926 and, 96–97

Lenin and, 66, 231–33

Lenin’s last testament and struggle vs. Stalin and, 96–97, 218, 233–34

Lunacharsky on organizing problems of, 213–14

marries Alexandra Sokolovskaya, 67, 106

marries Natalia Sedova, 66–67, 69–69

Marxism introduced to, by first wife Alexandra, 106

Mexican protests vs., 3, 19–20, 71–72, 250

Moscow show trial confessions explained by, 34–35

Moscow show trials and, 8–11, 14, 32–34, 110–11, 121–22, 133–34

moves to Avenida Viena after rift with Rivera, 172–73, 195, 237–38

moves to San Miguel Regla, during affair with Kahlo, 64–65, 67–71

murder of, 115

murder of secretary in Paris, and archives stolen, and suspicions about Zborowski, 139–43

Natalia’s alleged early affair and, 65–66, 68–69

Nazi-Soviet pact and, 2, 201–3

New York Fourth International broadcast by, 207–9

nicknamed “Old Man” by followers, 4

NKVD agent Harte infiltrates security staff of, 244

NKVD agent Ramón penetrates circle and household of, 207, 229, 244–46, 266–71, 273, 279–81

NKVD agent Zborowski ordered to penetrate household of, 119

NKVD agent Zborowski surveillance of papers of, in Paris, 112–14

NKVD closes in on, in Mexico, 246–52

NKVD plan to liquidate, 11

October Revolution and, 82

Orlov anonymous warnings to, on assassination plot and Zborowski, 143–46, 198–200

Orozco and, 162–64, 198–200

Party Congress of 1924 and, 34–35

“permanent revolution” theory of, 45–46

personality of, and relationship with Lyova, 102, 109–12, 115–17

personality of, demanding nature and tensions, 56, 57, 129–31, 136, 243, 283

personality of, Eastman on lack of gift for friendship, 89–91, 168, 216–17

photographs of, by Young, 235–37

picnic trip of, in last weeks of life, 273, 276–77