Voices of Islam (59 page)

111, 112; and the
Ka‘ba,
16, 25, 27,

112

Islam: advent of, 26; beliefs of (
See
Pillars of Faith); conversion to, 8, 33; early, 187, 188–93, 196–204;

meaning of term, 6; Pillars of (
See
Five Pillars of Islam); rituals of (
See
Ritual(s))

Islam. See
Submission to will of God Islamic arts: as mediator of Qur’an, 72,

73, 85, 88; Qur’anic influences on,

60, 67, 68–69; Sufi, 265

Islamic humanities.
See
Islamic arts Islamic Ideology Council, 179 Islamicization, of non-Arab traditions,

215 n.22

Islamic Jurisprudence and Its Proofs
(al- Zuhayli), 151

Islamic law, 52, 149–51; academies,

179; adaptability, 166; categories,

150–51, 215 n.30; conservatism in, 156–57; deferral of judgment

doctrine, 193; early development, 194; Hanbali, 200–201; historical

phases, 176–77; Imami Shiite, 226;

individualism in, 169–71;

interpretive approaches, 154, 158–

64, 166; Ismaili Shiite, 233, 237; in modern times, 177–80; Qur’anic legal verses, 152; schools of thought (
See
Legal schools); sources of (
See
Legal sources); stages of development, 131; Sunni approach to, 188, 193, 196;
taqlid
(unquestioning imitation) in, 157, 195, 213 n.15; Westernization and,

157, 177.
See also Fiqh; Ijtihad;

Shari‘a

Islamic political thought.
See
Political thought

Islamic Research Academy, 179 Islamic revivalism, 157, 177

Islamic scholarship: conservatism, 156– 57; definitional categories, 128;

Ismaili, 232–33; modern legal, 179–

80; on prophets, 106—107; Sufi,

140, 259–60, 265.
See also
Hadith scholars; Qur’anic scholarship

Islamic state, 211; expansion of, 177,

197, 220

Islamic theology.
See Kalam

Islamic universities, 179–80

‘Isma
(inerrancy): of prophets, 37, 105–6; of Qur’an, 102

Isma‘il, Muhammad ibn, 223, 231

Ismaili school of law, 162, 163

Ismaili Shi‘ism, 222–23, 231–39;

history, 231–33; Musta‘li, 163, 238–

39; Nizari, 233–38; scholarship,

232–33

Israelites, 113–15, 215 n.22

Istihsan
(juristic preference), 174
Istislah
(public interest), 160, 161–62
Ithna ‘ashariyya. See
Imami (Twelver)

Shi‘ism

Jacob, 103, 111

Ja‘far al-Sadiq, Abu ‘Abdallah (imam), 163, 221–22, 223, 231, 233, 252

Index
279

Ja‘fari school of law, 136, 162, 163,

214 n.18, 221–22

Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, 157

Jamarat
(Stoning Area), 42 n.14

Jamatkhanas
(assembly-houses), 237–

38

Jerusalem, 14, 16

Jesus, 36, 37, 105, 116–19; apostles,

104; on charity, 18; Gospel of, 36;

humanity of, 116, 122 n.17, 199–

200; Judgment Day and, 38; message of, 107; Muhammad and, 118–19; sinlessness of, 117, 122 n.21; virgin birth of, 117, 122 n.18; as Word of God, 33–34, 116, 199–

200

Jethro (Shu‘ayb), 103, 113

Jihad
(struggle), 38, 170, 201 John the Baptist, 36

Jordan, 178

Joseph, 103;
Sura
of, 90

Judaism, 10–11, 16, 36, 120, 126,

233; prophetic line, 111; submission

in, 104

Judgment, deferral of, doctrine of, 192–93

Judgment Day (
Yawm al-Qiyama
), 38–39

Al-Junayd, Abu al-Qasim, 140, 252,

255, 256

Juridical theorists.
See Faqihs; Muftis
Juristic preference (
istihsan
), 174 Jurists (
faqih; qadi
), 136, 188, 202;

fatwas
and, 135, 164; Hidden Imams and, 229; independence of, 171;
Sunna
and, 128; types of, 187

Justice (
’adl
), 173–75, 198; social, in

Shiite Islam, 229–30

Ka‘ba,
25, 27–28, 29–30, 112;

circumambulation of (
tawaf
), 29, 30, 32; early pilgrimage to, 113, 119; pilgrimage to (
See Hajj
); prayer toward, 16

Kaffara
(expiations), 165

Al-Kalabadhi, Abu Bakr, 207, 257, 259

Kalam
(theology): on believers,

debates on, 192–93, 199, 204; emergence of, 196–97; Mu‘tazila, 197–200

Kalam Allah,
48

Karbala, 220

Karim (Aga Khan), 235–36 Karima al-Marwaziyya, 138

Kashf al-Mahjuh
(Uncovering the Veiled) (Hujwiri/Hujviri), 19, 260

Kazarun, 261, 263

Al-Kazaruni, Abu Ishaq, 260

Khafif, Abu ‘Abdallah Ibn, 255, 261,

263

Kharijites, 127, 191, 192, 193, 213

n.10; Azraqis, 193, 213 n.13;

political thought, 169–70, 188–89,

192, 201

Al-Kharraz, Abu Sa‘id, 252, 253,

255

Khomeini, Ruhollah, 228–29

Kitab al-Luma
(Book of Inspiration) (Sarraj), 207, 256–57

Kitab al-Mabsut
(The Extensive Book) (Sarakhsi), 151

Knowledge:
fiqh,
149; spiritual (
See ‘Ilm
); in Sufism, 205–6, 250, 253,

255; types of, 205

Kufa, 191, 220, 221

Al-Kulayni, Abu Ja‘far Muhammad, 222

Kuwait, 179

La hukma illa li-llah
(‘‘No decision but God’s’’), 190–91

Law(s): diversity of, Qur’an on, 107– 108; Islamic (
See
Islamic law;
Shari‘a
); Qur’an as book of, 51–52; statutory, 157, 178–79

Laylat al-Qadr
(‘‘Night of Power’’), 23, 41 n.11

Leadership theory, 187–89; Hanbali, 201–4; Ismailis, 233; juristic

independence, 171; Khariji, 188–89,

192; modern Sunni, 204; Musta‘li,

199, 238; Shiite, 137, 162–63, 187,

188, 192, 212 n.3, 217–20, 222.
See

also
Political thought

280
Index

Legal opinions.
See Fatwas

Legal rulings, types of, 150, 153

Legal scholars:
faqihs,
128, 150, 187;

mujtahid,
155, 156, 157, 161, 169,

230

Legal schools (
madhhab
), 136, 151,

158–64, 171, 189, 194, 214 n.18;

conservatism in (taqlid), 156–57; founders, 214 n.20; on intent, 165;

Ismaili, 162, 163; Ja‘fari, 136, 162,

163, 214 n.18, 221–22; Maliki,

129–30, 136, 142, 160, 161, 195;

Shiite, 162–63; Sunni, 189, 214

n.20; Zaydi, 136,162, 163, 240–41.

See also
Hanafi school of law; Hanbali school of law; Shafi‘i school of law

Legal sources, 125, 149, 151–58, 195–

96; custom as, 130, 158, 160, 195–

96;
fatwas
(legal opinions) as, 154–

55, 157;
ijtihad
(independent

reasoning) as, 136, 154–58; imams

as, 163, 196; order of precedence,

135, 156; Qur’an as, 51, 149, 151–

54, 156, 163; in Shiite Islam, 163;

Sunna
as, 126–28, 135–37,

149151–54, 156, 193–96, 213 n.16

Light imagery, 90

Light Verses, 69

Literature: Hadith, 132–35, 138–39,

188, 200; on Muhammad, 131; Sufi,

207–8, 255, 256–60

Lodges (
ribat
), Sufi, 255, 260–63,

264–65

Logos, Qur’an as, 82–83

Love of God, in Sufism, 206, 250, 251

Lunar calendar, 20–21

Al-Mabda’ wa-l-ma‘ad
(‘‘The Origin and Return’’), 89

Madhhab. See
Legal schools

Madrasas,
230, 239

Mafsada
(corruption), 175

Mahasin al-majalis
(The Beauties of Spiritual Sessions) (Ibn al-‘Arif), 259

Al-Mahdi, Muhammad (imam), 163, 223–24

Al-Mahdi
(‘‘The Guided One’’), 38, 231

Al-Ma’ida
(‘‘The Table Spread’’;
Sura

5:1–3), 58

Al-Makki, Abu Talib, 207, 216 n.36,

258, 259

Maktab
(Qur’an schools), 68

Malamatiyya
(‘‘People of Blame’’), 254–55, 256

Malaysia, 179

Malik ibn Anas, 127, 133, 136–37,

142, 160, 169, 214 n.20

Maliki school of law, 129–30, 136,

142, 160, 161, 195

Al-Ma’mun (caliph), 199–200

Manazil al-sa’irin
(The Stages of Way- farers) (Ansari), 258–59

Al-Manzil bayn al-manzilatayn,
199
Maqasid al-Shari‘a
(goals of the Sha- ri‘a), 170, 171–76; education of

individual, 172–73; justice, 173–75; legal interpretation based on, 158, 166, 167–68, 175; public interest

(
maslaha
), 175–76

Ma‘rifa
(experiential knowledge), 253 Marriage law: legal schools on, 159–62, 165; mixed marriages, 171; modern,

157, 180; Pakistani, 180; polygyny,

129–30, 162; Shiite, 163

Martyrdom, in Shi‘ism, 220, 229–30

Marut (angel), 35

Marwa, hill of, 28, 30–31, 42 n.14

Mary, 107, 117, 122 n.18, 21, 123

n.19, 20

Masjid
(mosque), 13;
al-Aqsa
(Jerusa- lem), 14, 16;
al-Haram
(Mecca), 16,

256; women and, 13–14, 167–68

Maslaha
(public interest), 158, 160,

169, 172, 175–76, 188

Masnavi
(Rumi), 73 Mass media, 93 n.10

Masters, Sufi (
shaykhs
), 187, 260–63,

264

Al-Mawsu‘a al-Fiqhiyya
(
Encyclopedia of Islamic Law
), 179

Mecca: emigrants from (
Muhajirun
), 201; Muhammad in, 26, 49, 75, 76;

Index
281

pilgrimage to (
See Hajj
); pre-Islamic pilgrimages to, 26, 113, 119; Sufism

in, 252, 255–56.
See also Ka‘ba.

Meccan
suras,
49, 57–58, 75, 76, 77 Medina:
Hajji
visits to, 32–33; helpers

from, 201; Maliki school and, 160;

Muhammad and, 26, 32–33, 49, 75,

76; practices in, as
Sunna,
137, 194–

95

‘‘Medina consensus,’’ 160

Medinan
suras,
49, 57, 58, 75, 168;

context challenges, 75, 76–77, 88

Meditation, 206

Men: on
Hajj,
28–29, 32; prayer rules, 12, 13; and prophecy, 106–107

Messengers, 35, 36, 101–3; angels as,

101, 120–121 n.2; as bringers of new religion (
rasul
), 105; inerrancy of (‘
isma
), 105–6; message of, 101–

2, 104, 107–8, 120; number of, 106.

See also
Prophets Michael (angel), 35

Mina, 31–32

Miracles (
mu‘jizat
): of Jesus, 105, 117–18; of prophets, 105; of saints,

264

Mi’raj
(ascension): of Bayazid, 251; of Muhammad, 14–15

Mongols, 224, 234

Monotheism. See Tawhid

Morality: in Khariji thought, 192, 193;

Shari‘a
and, 149–50, 164–65.
See also
Good and evil

Morning Prayer, 15

Moses, 36, 56, 103, 104, 113–15; and

daily prayers, 14–15

Mosque. See Masjid

Mu‘amalat
(civil law), 150–51 Mu‘awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, 190–91,

192, 201, 220

Muftis,
128, 164, 187

Mughal empire, 227

Muhaddithun. See
Hadith scholars

Muhajirun
(emigrants from Mecca), 201

Muhammad, 37–38; and Abraham, 109–10, 113, 119, 150 n.26; and

‘Ali, 217, 218, 219; Angel Gabriel

and, 35; ascension (
Mi’raj
), 14–15;

Bible and, 115–116, 122 n.24;

biographers, 131; on charity, 17–18;

18–19; and daily prayers, 14–15; family, 219; Hadith of (
See
Hadith); and the
Hajj,
31, 32–33, 113; humanity of, 37; idol worship and, 26, 109–10; on
ihsan
(spiritual

virtue), 34; and Jesus, 118–19;

leadership after, 218; in Mecca, 26,

49, 75, 76; and Medina, 26; 32–33,

49, 75, 76; as messenger, 105;

mistakes by, 37; Moses and, 114–

1115, names for, 119; as prophet,

37–38, 53, 102, 119–20; in Qur’an,

36, 37–38, 127, 219; and Ramadan,

23–24; revelation of Qur’an to, 10,

23, 41 n.11, 47, 49, 75, 102; as role

model, 37–38; in Second Shahada, 10; and
Tarawih
prayers, 23, 41 n.9; tomb, 32; Way of (
See Sunna
); Word of as Hadith (
See
Hadith); in Qur’an, 49, 51

Al-Muhasibi, al-Harith Ibn Asad, 205– 6, 250, 252

Mujtahid
(legal scholars), 155, 156,

157, 161, 169, 230

Mumbai, 239

Al-Mu’minun
(‘‘The Believers’’;
Sura

23), 56

Munkar (angel), 35, 39
Muqallid
(imitator), 213 n.15 Murji’a, 192–93, 201, 204

Musa al-Kazim, 223

Music, 67, 80–81

Muslim (Hadith scholar), 133 Muslim(s): Hebrew prophets as, 103–

4; modern Western, and
Sunna,

143–44; non–Arabic-speaking, 66,

67; as submitter to God, 6–7, 103

Muslim life: Qur’an in, 60, 66–73;

Sunna
in, 125, 143–44 Muslim World League, 179
Musnad
(Hanbal), 133, 200

Musta‘li Ismailis, 163, 238–39

Mutahhari, Murtaza, 228

282
Index

Mutasawwif,
249

Al-Mutawakkil, Ahmad b. Sulayman, 200, 242