25. Rebecca Frankel, “Rebecca's War Dog of the Week: Eli, Brother and Protector, Goes Home,” ForeignPolicy.com, February 4, 2011, http://ricks.foreignpolicy.com/posts
/2011/02/04/rebeccas_war_dog_of_the_week_eli_brother_and_protector_goes
_home.
26. Ibid.
27. E. H. Richardson,
British War Dogs: Their Training and Psychology
(London: Skeffington & Son, Ltd.,1920), 150.
28. Ibid., 151.
29. This description of Bronco's injuries comes from the vet who treated him at Bagram Airfield and operated on him twice, Captain Katie Barry, Facebook message, dated January 9, 2013.
30. Phone interview with Kevin Behan on August 30, 2012.
31. Ibid.
32. Obituary,
“Ernie Pyle Is Killed on Ie Island; Foe Fired When All Seemed Safe,”
New York Times
,
April 19, 1945.
33. Ernie Pyle,
Brave Men
(New York: Henry Holt, 1943), 197.
34. Sebastian Junger,
War
(New York: Twelve, 2010), 239â240.
35. Phone interview with John Mariana, January 5, 2013.
chapter 5: a dog of many talents
1. There are quite a few alternatives for the word
nose
, some more fitting in the context of dogs than others for obvious reasons. Thesaurus.com offers: “adenoids, beak, bill, horn, muzzle, nares, nostrils, olfactory nerves, proboscis, schnoz, smeller, sneezer, sniffer, snoot, snout, snuffer, whiffer . . .” http://thesaurus.com/browse/sniffer.
2. Mark Derr,
Dog's Best Friend
(New York: Henry Holt, 1997), 95.
3. Ibid.
4. Julio E. Correa, “The Dog's Sense of Smell,”
Alabama Cooperative Extension System
, Alabama A&M University, June 2011, http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/U/UNP
-0066/UNP-0066.pdf.
5.
The Parent Trap
, dir. David Swift, Walt Disney Productions, 1961.
6. Section 5-2, “Explosives Used for Training,” Army Manual, Department of the Army, September 30, 1993, http://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/pdf/p190_12.pdf.
7. Ibid.
8. Email exchange with Sean Lulofs, Lackland Air Force Base MWD program manager, on February 2, 2012.
9. Bloodhounds have even more
sensory receptors/olfactory cells in their nose than most breeds of dogs. “Underdogs: The Bloodhound's Amazing Sense of Smell,”
Nature
, PBS series, original airdate January 29, 2006, http://www.pbs.org/wnet
/nature/episodes/underdogs/underdogs-the-bloodhounds-amazing-sense-of-smell
/350/.
10. Stanley Coren and Sarah Hodgson,
Understanding Your Dog For Dummies
(Hoboken: Wiley Publishing, Inc., 2007), 103; see also http://www.dummies.com/how
-to/content/understanding-a-dogs-sense-of-smell.html.
11. Alexandra Horowitz,
Inside of a Dog: What Dogs See
,
Smell
,
and Know
(New York: Scribner, 2009), 124.
12. Andrea Seabrook, “Why Do Animals' Eyes Glow In The Dark?” NPR.org, October 31, 2008, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=96414364.
13. “How Well Do Dogs See At Night?”
Science Daily
, November 9, 2007.
14. Horowitz,
Inside of a Dog
,
125.
15. Irit Gazit and Joseph Terkel, “Domination of Olfaction over Vision in Explosives Detection by Dogs,”
Applied Animal Behaviour Science
82, no. 1 (June 3, 2003): 65â73.
16. The Israel Defense Forces (IDF) has an extremely powerful dog program. In many ways they have set the recent standard of war dog training. In the mid-2000s the US Marines sent a small contingency of dog handlers to train with IDF handlers. One of the more revolutionary training methods those handlers brought back and made standard was the “off-leash capability.”
17. Lieutenant Colonel E. H. Richardson,
British War Dogs
(London: Skeffington & Sons, Ltd., 1920), 79.
18. Michael G. Lemish,
War Dogs
(Washington, DC: Brassey's Inc., 1996), 207.
19. Stanley Coren,
How Dogs Think
(New York: Free Press, 2004), 37.
20. Maxwell Riddle,
Dogs Through History
(Fairfax: Denlinger's Publisher, 1987), 174.
21. Ibid., 174â75.
22. Fairfax Downey,
History of Dogs for Defense
(New York: Dogs for Defense, Inc., 1955), 1.
23. Ibid., 2.
24. Caroline Tiger,
General Howe's Dog
(New York: Chamberlin Bros., 2005), 95.
25. Dogs weren't captured in early photography because they weren't able to sit still for the time it took for the camera to flash and capture the subject. (Which explains why in so many Civil Warâera battlefield photos the dogs appear so blurry.) It's believed that the first photo of a living dog wasn't taken until 1840, and that photo was of Elizabeth Barrett Browning's dog, Flush; the image was captured by photographer Nicholas Henneman. Grace Glueck, “A Multitude of Dogs, From Cuddly to Cranky,”
New York Times
, February 1, 2002, http://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/01
/arts/photography-review-a-multitude-of-dogs-from-cuddly-to-cranky.html.
26. Lemish,
War Dogs
, 18.
27. Somewhere close to 7,500 were killed in battle (though some believe that number to be too low given the relatively low loss overall and the extreme danger of their tasks).
28. “Dogs of Battle and Dogs of Mercy,”
Vanity Fair
, September 1916, http://www
.oldmagazinearticles.com/WW1_dogs_pdf.
29. Downey,
History of Dogs for Defense
, 16.
30. Ibid.
31. Ibid., 65.
32. Ibid., 21â22.
33. Clayton G. Going,
Dogs at War
(New York: The Macmillan Company, 1945), 9.
34. According to the US War Dogs Association
35. Lemish,
War Dogs
, 81. Author cited from a report on the dogs' progress in New Guinea issued on December 6, 1943, written by 2nd Lieutenant Robert Johnson, the unit's senior officer.
36. “Mentioned in Dispatches,”
New York Times
, January 23, 1944.
37. Fairfax Downey,
Dogs of Destiny
(New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1949), 171.
38. Mark Derr,
A Dog's History of America
(New York: North Point Press, 2004), 293.
39. Downey,
History of Dogs for Defense
, 110.
40. Lemish,
War Dogs
, 269.
41. Ibid., 287.
42. Ibid., 185.
43. Ibid., 197.
44. “Medical Innovator: Finding New and Effective Ways to Treat Wounded Troops: Q&A with Lieutenant General Eric B. Schoomaker Surgeon General US Army,”
MMT
15, no. 3 (May 3, 2011).
45. Ibid.
46. Michelle Tan, “DoD Says Amputations Reached Wartime High,”
Army Times
,
March 14, 2012, http://www.armytimes.com/news/2012/03/army-amputations-reach-war
-time-high-031212w/.
47. Andrew W. Lehren, “Calculating the Human Cost of the War in Afghanistan,”
New York Times
, August 21, 2012, http://atwar.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/08/21
/calculating-the-human-cost-of-the-war-in-afghanistan/.
48. Department of Defense, “Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) U.S. Casualty Status,” Fatalities as of April 8, 2014, 10 a.m. EDT, and “Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) U.S. Casualty Status,” fatalities as of April 8, 2014, 10 a.m. EDT, http://www.defense.gov/NEWS/casualty.pdf.
49. James Dao and Andrew W. Lehren, “In Toll of 2,000, New Portrait of Afghan War,”
New York Times
, August 21, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/22/us/war
-in-afghanistan-claims-2000th-american-life.html?_r=0.
50. Peter W. Singer, “Robots at War: The New Battlefield,”
The Wilson Quarterly,
Winter 2009, http://www.wilsonquarterly.com/essays/robots-war-new-battlefield.
51. Joseph Giordono, “New Army Program Aims to Put Soldiers on Higher Alert for IEDs”
Stars and Stripes
,
May 25, 2005.
52. James Dao, “Afghan War's Buried Bombs Put Risk in Every Step,”
New York Times
, July 14, 2009.
53. Formerly the Joint IED Defeat Task Force founded in 2004: http://www.global
security.org/military/agency/dod/jieddo.htm.
54. Spencer Ackerman, “$19 Billion Later, Pentagon's Best Bomb-Detector Is a Dog,”
Danger Room
blog,
Wired
, October 21, 2010, http://www.wired.com/danger
room/2010/10/19-billion-later-pentagon-best-bomb-detector-is-a-dog/.
55. Ibid.
56. Statement By Lieutenant General Michael D. Barbero, Director Joint Improvised Explosive Device Defeat Organization, United States Department of Defense, before the United States House of Representatives Committee on Appropriations Subcommittee on Defense, September 20, 2012, https://www.jieddo.mil/content
/docs/20120920_JIEDDO_Statement_for_the_Record.pdf.
57. Otto Kreisher, “IEDs Replace Artillery As Battlefield's Biggest Killer, JIEDDO General Says,”
Breaking Defense
, October 17, 2012, http://defense.aol.com/2012/10/17
/ieds-replace-artillery-as-battlefields-biggest-killer-jieddo-g/.
58. Associated Press, “Bomb Explodes in Parked Plane,”
Evening Independent
(St. Petersburg, FL), March 8, 1972; Richard Witkin, “Bomb Found on Jet Here After $2-Million Demand,”
New York Times
,
March 8, 1972; Richard Witkin, “T.W.A. Jet Damaged in Las Vegas Blast,”
New York Times
, March 9, 1972; “Nixon Orders Tighter Air Security,”
Daytona Beach Morning Journal
, March 10, 1972; “President Orders Tighter Security by U.S. Airlines,” special edition,
New York Times
, March 10, 1972; Robert Lindsey, “Air Security Tightened to Meet Order by Nixon,” special
edition,
New York Times
, March 11, 1972;
ABC News
, aired March 8, 1972; “1972: TWA Jet Explodes at Las Vegas Airport,”
On This Day
, BBC, http://news.bbc.co.uk
/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/8/newsid_4268000/4268151.stm.
59. “Bomb on TWA Plane,”
ABC News
, aired March 8, 1972, http://abcnews.go.com
/Archives/video/march-1972-bomb-twa-plane-13078635.
60. Ken Dilanian, “Good Dog? Homeland Security May Want You,”
Los Angeles Times
,
July 17, 2010, http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jul/17/nation/la-na-dhs
-dogs-20100717. The
Los Angeles Times
article doesn't mention it, but at the time they were reviewed in 2006â2007 they were under a differentâand much longerâname: “On October 1, 2009, the U.S. Border Patrol (USBP) Canine Training Program and the Office of Field Operations (OFO) Canine Training Program were merged to create the Customs and Border Protection Canine Training Program,” http://www.cbp.gov/border-security/along-us-borders/canine-program.
61. “TSA Oversight Part 2: Airport Perimeter Security,” Serial No. 112â75, July 13, 2011, http://oversight.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/7-13-11-Subcomm
ittee-on-National-Security-Homeland-Defense-and-Foreign-Operations-Hearing
-Transcript.pdf.
62. Melissa Mertl, “Dogs Can Smell Land Mines, But Humans Cannot. Sensitive New Chemical Sniffers Could Fix That,”
Discover Magazine
, September 1, 2001, http://discovermagazine.com/2001/sep/feattech#.UyzFiV5RHyw.
63. Henry Fountain, “Devices Go Nose to Nose With Bomb-Sniffer Dogs,”
New York Times
, October 15, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/16/science/explosives
-detectors-aim-to-go-nose-to-nose-with-sniffer-dogs.html.
64. Phone interview with Staff Sergeant Taylor Rogal, October 10, 2012.
chapter 6: the road to war leads through Yuma
1. “In detection work, a false response is when the dogs exhibits their defined final response in an area where the target odor is not present.” Sometimes the cause of a false response is easy to assess and wouldn't be counted against the dog during certification or training. During my time at the Yuma course I watched dogs alert on spots where there were no buried aids. Often times there would be lingering odor from training exercise from days before. Other times though a dog will alert because he knows if he does, he'll get his toy. A handler has to know his dog's tells well enough to be able to determine the difference. Steven D. Nicely, “Record Keeping,” K9 Consultants of America, http://www.k9consultantsofamerica.com/training_info
rmation/RECORD%20KEEPING.htm.
2. Michael G. Lemish,
War Dogs
(Washington, DC: Brassey's Inc., 1996), 208.
3. Ibid., 208â211. The British used Labrador retrievers for their trackers; their temperaments were more easygoing, and the British found the breed better suited for the work.
4. Phone interview with Charlie Hardesty, June 2012.
5. Phone interview with Gunny Knight, April 17, 2012.
6. Interview with US Army Sergeant George Jay and Army Specialist William Vidal (from Bagram Airbase), June 20, 2012.
7. John F. Burns, “On Way to Baghdad Airport, Death Stalks Main Road,”
New York Times
, May 9, 2005, http://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/29/international/middle
east/29road.html?pagewanted=all.
8. Sebastian Junger,
War
(New York: Twelve, 2010) 144.
9. Robert Rosenblum,
The Dog in Art: From Rococo to Post Modernism
(New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1988), 9.
