Young Stalin (72 page)

6.
November meetings, Gendarme reports: GIAG 153.2.302/102.00.1898.5–52/153.1.3431/2. GARF 102.00.1898.5.52.B. List of twenty-four delegates to the Conference: GDMS 93.3, M. Gureshidze. Ostrovsky’s version is the most convincing: Ostrovsky, pp. 167–70. Slanderer sent to Batumi: Uratadze, pp. 66–67. Muddled youngster: Arkomed,
Rabocheedvizhenie
, pp. 55–56. Iremashvili, pp. 21–22. RGASPI 558.4.665, G. Elisabedashvili. Davrichewy, pp. 124–25. Vakar,“Stalinpo vospominaniia N. N. Zhordania.” S. Talakvadze,
Kistorii Kommunisticheskoi partii Gruzii
, 1:59–63. Jones, pp. 106–7.

10 · “I’M WORKING FOR THE ROTHSCHILDS!”—FIRE, MASSACRE AND ARREST IN BATUMI

1.
GF IML 8.2.1.20.155–222, Kotsia Kandelaki. RGASPI 558.4.537, D. A. Vadachkoria. Porfiro Kuridze in
Batumskaya
, pp. 63–70.
Chernomorskii Vestnik
, 5 Jan. 1902.

2.
GF IML 8.2.1.20.155–222, Kotsia Kandelaki. Throughout this chapter I have drawn on
Batumskaya:
Kote Kalandarov, pp. 36–40; Porfiro Lomdzharia, pp. 41–49; Gerasim Kaladze, pp. 49–55; Illarion Darakhvelidze, pp. 55–63; Porfiro Kuridze, pp. 63–70; Khachik Kazarian, pp. 75–78; G. Chkaidze, p. 124; Hashimi Smirba pp. 150–71. GF IML 8.2.1.20, K. Kandelaki. RGASPI 558.4.537, D. A. Vadachkoria (official version
Batumskaya
, pp. 106–12). Porfiro Kuridze,
Bakinsky Rabochyi
, 12 Jan. 1937.
Chernomorskii Vestnik
, 5 Jan. 1902.

3.
New Year’s Eve: GF IML 8.2.1.20.155–222, Kotsia Kandelaki. Lomdzharia bandit, visits to Tiflis: GDMS 1955–146.29–44, G. Elisabedashvili. GMIKA 18.50, Kote Kalandarov. GMIKA 26.104.33–42, Porfiro Kuridze. Batumi:
Annals of the Working Collective Batumi
, p. 315. Jones, pp. 28 (Mandelstam quote) and 87–88. Ostrovsky, pp. 170–71. Robert W. Tolf,
The Russian Rockefellers: The Saga of the Nobel Family and the Russian Oil Industry
, pp. 87–90.

4.
When Porfiro Lomdzharia came out of prison, Jeune gave him 400 roubles for his brother Silvester’s funeral and the substantial sum of 3,000 roubles. Since the Lomdzharia brothers were Stalin’s enforcers with whom he often stayed, it is likely that he was involved. Later, Stalin raised money using protection-rackets, by threatening the families of businessmen or by demanding money in return for not striking. Perhaps the 3,000 roubles was to prevent any more fires at the refinery. RGASPI 161.1.11.GF IML 8.2.1.20.155–222, Kotsia Kandelaki, including Armenian help with printing from Spandarian. Spandarian lover: Nikolaevsky Vulikh in box 207–9. Spandarian, a womanizer and fate of wife of Bolshevik: Olga Spandarian letter to Shaumian in
Vestnik Archivov Armenii
, no. 1, 1996 “Suren Spandarian in Siberian exile.” RGASPI 558.4.537, D. A. Vadachkoria and official version
Batumskaya
, pp. 106–12.
Bakinsky Rabochyi
, 12 Jan. 1937. Porfiro Kuridze. François Jeune: Otar Gogolishvili in interview with Ostrovsky, pp. 586–87. Payments to and from Lomdzharia: GARF 102.1900.4871.I. S. Chulek,
Ocherki istorii Batumskoi kommunisteskoi organizatsis
, Batumi 1970, pp. 90–91.

5.
Kirtava: GF IML 8.2.1.26.22–6 (1934) and 8.2.1.26.36–9 (1937), Natalia Kirtava-Sikharulidze memoirs. GMIKA 19.51: Natalia Kirtava-Sikharulidze memoirs. GF IML 8.2.1.43. GARF 3.1905.272.

6.
GF IML 8.2.1.20.155–222, Kotsia Kandelaki. GMIKA 18.50, Kote Kalandarov. GMIKA 26.104, Porfiro Kuridze memoirs, pp. 33–42.
Batumskaya
, pp. 36–78, 124. Stalin’s despotism: Lavrov in GARF 102.00.1898.5–52-V. Hiding in skirts: interview with Suren Levonian on mother Terun Levonian story.

7.
9 March: GF IML 8.2.1.20.155–222, Kotsia Kandelaki. GMIKA 26.104, Porfiro Kuridze memoirs, pp. 33–42.
Batumskaya
, pp. 36–78, 124, 203–27. GMIKA 105, 106, 154, Despina Shapatava. Rothschilds manager, Wanstein hit: GF IML 8.2.1.9, Theofile Gogiberidze. Changing clothes and wearing hoods: GM IML 8.2.1.15.174–81, I. Doborjinidze. Hooded Koba: see K. Kalandarov in
Batumskaya
, p. 70; you’ll never be revolutionary, Vadachkoria, p. 86; conspiracy and mystery, P. Kuridze, p. 96; no moustaches or beard, p. 99; hooded and riot and Stalin puts on plays, Vera Lomdzharia, p. 102; demonstration, I. Darakhvelidze, pp. 116–17; Stalin calm, K. Kandelaki, pp. 118–26; Stalin helps wounded, p. 157. GF IML 8.2.1.20.155–222, Kotsia Kandelaki.

8.
Hashimi Smirba: GF IML 8.2.1.20.155–222, Kotsia Kandelaki. GMIKA 21.57, Hamdi Smirba memoirs, p. 16, and 22.58, Hashimi Smirba, pp. 1–9. GMIKA 26.104.33–42, Porfiro Kuridze.
Batumskaya
, pp. 150–71. Stalin in women’s dresses: Suren Levonian interview on mother Terun Levonian in Batumi. On truth of Smirba story: Stalin in Charkviani, “Memoirs.” On Nestor Lakoba, see Montefiore, pp. 179–80. Jordania’s reaction: Zhordania, “Stalin,” p. 2. Trotsky,
Stalin
, pp. 31–32. Stalin,
Works
, 1:25. Stalin on his Gurian bodyguards and on losing people but winning: Mgeladze, p. 77. Stalin amends Beria’s book: Beria, p. 18.

9.
Funerals, arrest: police officer report, 6 Apr. 1902,
Batumskaya
, p. 177, and report of Jakeli, p. 178. GMIKA 115, Capt. Jakeli report on arrest of Stalin, involvement on 9 March. Letters to mother and Iremashvili; report of chief of Kutaisi Province Gendarmerie to the Police Department, 9 Apr. 1902, arrest of Djugashvili known as teacher of workers and said to be always holding himself apart, keeping himself secret: GMIKA 116, Illarion. On Stalin and Bulgakov: M. Bulgakov,
Batum
, Radzinsky,
Stalin
, pp. 9–11, quotes Elena Bulgakova; and Elena Bulgakova’s diaries, 1939; also account of V. I. Nemirovich-Danchenko, Arts Theatre director. See:
itlitbatum.ru
. GF IML 8.2.1.20.155–222, Kotsia Kandelaki.

11 · THE PRISONER

1.
Uratadze, pp. 66–69, 208–10. GF IML 8.2.1.20.155–222, Kotsia Kandelaki.

2.
Gendarme inquiries and Stalin’s notes: RGASPI 558.4.80, 81 and 83.
Batumskaya
, pp. 233–35. Reports of Capt. Jakeli, 9 Apr. 1902, Maj.-Gen. Shopchansky, 9 Apr. 1902, Report of Gendarme Department Tiflis (Stalin member of Tiflis Committee), 1 May 1902, arrest report of Policeman Chkhikvadze, 6 Apr. 1902, report of Police man Gogoria in Gori (Iremashvili interrogated, two men come to meet Keke and take her to Batumi), 16 June 1902; Jakeli, 16 Oct. 1905, on great success in 1901; Col. Lavrov on great discord between juniors and old socialists, 9 Feb. 1903; GMIKA 153, 116, 118, Stalin, 1 May 1902, 119, 120, Eremov, 121, 125, Chopura and Mohevi. GF IML 8.2.1.20.155–222, Kotsia Kandelaki.

3.
GDMS 1955–146.33–40, G. Elisabedashvili.

4.
Keke: Mgeladze, pp. 154–55. Police reports and Keke’s requests: RGASPI 71.10.401 and 404. RGASPI 558.4.405. Trip to Batumi: Keke. Visit again to Batumi spring 1903: see Keke’s obituary,
Zaria Vostoka
, 1937. Kun, p. 42. On Keke’s interview 1935, R. W. Davies, O. V. Khlevnuik, E. A. Rees (eds.),
Stalin-Kaganovich Correspondence
, p. 295.

5.
Prison culture: GMIKA 19(51), N. Kirtadze (Kirtava-Sikharulidze), pp. 39(1–42(4); Stalin gives message, p. 32(128); Gerasim Kaladze, pp. 42(1)-50(9); V. Chaidze, p. 96; V. Kalandze, p. 136. Stalin and the sympathetic guard: Chaureli in
Vstrechi s vozhdem narodov/Vstrechi s tov. Stalinym
, p. 154. How to communicate: Bibineishvili, pp. 59–63. Leniency: Rayfield,
Stalin and the Hangmen
, p. 31. Stalin prefers convicts: Khrushchev, 1:301. Stalin lonely: Oleg Troyanovsky,
Cherez gody
, p. 162. Studying and prisons barbarous/paternalist: Trotsky,
My Life
, pp. 35, 147 and 180. Second school: Stalin,
Works
, 2:28–32. Ordzhonikidze’s reading, Stalin’s memo on prison, 1937: Volkogonov,
Stalin
, p. 9. Prison culture, news of Soso’s arrest, arguments in jail:
Alliluyev Memoirs
, pp. 43–45, 55–64; prison visits, pp. 33–35. Stalin’s prison routine: Kalandadze, quoted in Trotsky,
Stalin
, p.35.

6.
Lenin and “What Is to Be Done?”: Tucker, pp. 23–31. Stalin,
Works
, 1:63–74.

7.
GMIKA 19(51), N. Kirtadze (Kirtava-Sikharulidze), pp. 39(1)–42(4).

8.
Story of Christofore Imnaichvili told to author by Tamaz Naskidashvili, letter, 20 Oct. 2005.

9.
Innocent in Batumi, guilty in Tiflis and lost in prison system: RGASPI 558.4.79, 558.4.90; GARF 102.00.1898.5–52-V, 102.00.1902.825–16, 102.00.1898.5–59-A. GF IML 8.1.772, 5.268. Ostrovsky, pp. 185–96.
Batumskaya
, pp. 171–74.

10.
Hospital: GF IML 8.2.1.20.

11.
RGASPI 558.4.619, Stalin to Prince G. S. Golitsyn.

12.
Exarch: Ostrovsky, p. 195. Transfer to Kutaisi: GMIKA 19(51) N. Kirtadze (Kirtava-Sikharulidze), pp. 39(1)–42(4).

13.
At Kutaisi prison: GMIKA 19(51), N. Kirtadze (Kirtava-Sikharulidze), pp. 39(1)–42(4). Group photograph and 28 July protest:
Batumskaya
, pp. 95–99, 137–38: Dzuku Lolua and Varden Chaidze. Uratadze, pp. 66–69, 208–10.

14.
RGASPI 558.4.79, 558.4.90; GARF 102.00.1898.5–52-V, 102.00.1902.825–16, 102.00. 1898.5–59-A. GF IML 8.1.772, 5.268. Ostrovsky, pp. 185–96.
Batumskaya
, pp. 171–74.

15.
Sentencing: RGASPI 558.4.619, GARF 102.7d.1902.175; RGIA 1405.521.482. Finding Stalin: GIAG 13.27.5451 and 5461; 84.2.1960 and 1272; GIAG 17.2.1272; GF IML 8.5.204.
Batumskaya
, pp. 257–65. Ostrovsky, pp. 197–200. GMIKA 19(51).39(1)-42(4) N. Kirtadze (Kirtava-Sikharulidze). Money: GF IML 8.2.1.13, memoirs L. Janelidze. 28 million: A. Applebaum,
Gulag
, p. 518.

12 · THE FROZEN GEORGIAN: SIBERIAN EXILE

1.
Etap:
tooth arsenic and amputation: Charkviani, “Memoirs.” Beaten up, and shackles: Kun, pp. 60–61. Racing the train: Smith, p. 112. Criminals:
Molotov Remembers
, pp. 145–46.

2.
RGASPI 558.11.1494, Abram Gusinsky. Peasants: Charkviani, “Memoirs.”

3.
Vstrechi s vozhdem
, p. 28—memoirs of grandson of Martha Litvintseva and Mikhail Gulkin. B. Ivanov, “V Novoi Ude,”
Pravda
, 25 Dec. 1939.

4.
Exile: allowance—see
Molotov Remembers
, p. 133. Charkviani, “Memoirs.” Trotsky on Olympus in Volkogonov,
Trotsky
, p. 11. Krupskaya, p. 33. Lenin in exile: Service,
Lenin, p
. 110. Joy of letters Yenukidze to Voroshilov: RGASPI 71.2.41. Women, and duel:
Molotov Remembers
, p. 128. Lezhnev: Kun, p. 112. Voroshilov, Yenukidze, women: Vasileva,
Kremlin Wives
, p. 80. Love under boulders: Trotsky,
My Life
, p. 85. Sverdlov in Tucker, p. 158. Exile, Jews: Davrichewy, p. 129.

5.
Khrushchev, 1:301. Khrushchev mentions “first exile” and “Vologda,” which was Stalin’s second exile, but it seems to belong to this first exile.

6.
Lenin, letter to Stalin and Second Congress: Stalin,
Works
, 6:52–54. Tucker, p. 122. Service,
Stalin
, pp. 50–55. Iremashvili, pp. 212–13. Uratadze, p. 67. Bibeneishvili, pp. 80–83.

7.
Two escapes: RGASPI 558.4.659 (also Sergei Alliluyev,
Proidennyi put
, p. 109). RGASPI 558.1.14. RGASPI 558.11.1494, A. Gusinsky. RGASPI 558.4.655, M. I. Kun-garov letter. K. Chernenko,
I. V. Stalin v sibirskoi ssilke
, pp. 22–25, 32–37. Drink for driver: GF IML 8.5.205. Stalin boasts of tricking peasant driver of sledge and showing sword, as told by Stalin in 1910 to Ivan Kukulava: GF IML 8.2.1.27.202–10. Police spy ID: GF IML 8.2.1.7, D. Vadachkoria. I. Petrov, “Pervye shagi revolyutsionoi deatelnosti tov Stalina,”
Molodoi Bolshevik
, vol. 21, 1939, p. 25. Sieve: Trotsky,
My Life
, p. 37. Trotsky in Volkogonov,
Trotsky
, pp. 44–45. Boots and Sergei Alliluyev’s many escapes: Radzinsky,
Stalin
, p. 76. Police card: Kun, pp. 62–64. Police: GARF 102.00.1904.6.313, RGASPI 558.4.92. GF IML 8.2.1.9, Anna Nikitin-Geladze. Tsarist agent and escapes: I am indebted in this section, unless specifically attributed, to the researches of Ostrovsky, especially on timing of escape, p. 212; also pp. 431–62 and his analyses of Okhrana and Gendarme archives, 1900–10; on escapes from exile, pp. 431–36; Ostrovsky quote, pp. 436–38; quotation by police official L. A. Rataev, p. 437; money for agents, pp. 438–39; corruption of police Dvali, p. 515, Zubov and Zaitsev, pp. 545–47; Fikus report on intelligence gathering by Stalin, p. 578;on 800-rouble bribe, Y. Sverdlov,
Izbrannye proizvedeniya
, p. 595. Stalin’s five escapes: Charkviani, “Memoirs.” RGASPI 671.1.287, Turukhansk money receipts, 1913–15, collected by NKVD boss N. I. Yezhov and found in his safe. Ordzhonikidze and Zaitsev: RGASPI 558.4.258. P. A. Japaridze,
Vospominaniya o P. A. Japaridze
, pp. 61–62. GARF 110.19.119. Stalin meets police official on street and Gendarme tip-offs: GDMS 167, G. Varshamian. GARF 102.00.5–61-A. Tucker, pp. 109–10, quoting Roy Medvedev on story of E. P. Frolov. Roy Medvedev,
Let History Judge
, pp. 314–24. Service,
Stalin
, p. 74. For discussion of Eremin letter: Eric Lee, “Eremin Letter: Documentary Proof That Stalin Was Okhrana Spy?” Eremin text in Smith, p. 306. General Ivan Serov memo to First Secretary N. S. Khrushchev and Politburo: RGASPI 558.11.1288, 4 June 1956. Stalin and Spandarian versus Shaumian by Ekaterina Shaumian: Mikoyan,
Memoirs
, p. 72. Shaumian tensions, Tartars in meetings, Stalin’s protection-rackets, killing informers, Spandarian debauchery, Stalin true boss, gangsterism: Tatiana Vulikh to Boris Nikolaevsky, Nikolaevsky box 207, folder ID 207–9. Uratadze, p. 67. Arsenidze, pp. 72 and 224. Jordania, “Stalin,” in which Jordania quotes Shaumian. Olga Shatunovskaya: RGASPI 558.4.671. Shaumian’s jobs; buy-out from arrest to Capt. Zaitsev: Akopian,
Shaumian
, pp. 64–76. Prison director Vachiev, 150 roubles each to free prisoners:
Iz proshlogo nashei partii: Stati i vospominaniya iz istorii Bakinskoi organizatsii
, pp. 146–47. B. Kaptelov and Z. Peregudova, “Byl li Stalin agentom Okhranki?,”
Rodina
, no. 5, 1989, pp. 67–69. B. Slavin, “Stalin i Okhranka,”
Alternativy
, no. 1, 1998, pp. 78–81. Okhrana surveillance, 1908–13:
Krasny Arkhiv
, no. 2 (105), 1941, pp. 4–31. Stalin on betrayal, death: GF IML 8.6.312, D. Chekheidze (Turdospireli). Stalin edits his own
Short Course
biography including number of arrests: “I. V. Stalin sam o sebe: redakzionnaya pravka sobstennoy biografii,”
Izvestiya TsKKPSS
, no. 9, 1990.