A Great and Glorious Adventure (48 page)
Read A Great and Glorious Adventure Online
Authors: Gordon Corrigan
Richard I, King
16–17
Richard II, King
accession to throne
180
and the Peasants’ Revolt
186–8
rule
189–91
opposition to rule
189–92
second marriage
190
truce, 1389
190
reign comes to end
191–2
restoration plot
192
death
192–3
survival claims
199
impostors
205
body reburied
217–18
Richard III, King
281
riding stance
65
Robert, Duke of Normandy
14
Robert of Artois
46–7
,
49
,
52
,
58
,
79
Robert of Bamborough
130
Rodin, Auguste
124
Roger of Salerno,
Practica chirurgiae
155
Rokeby, Sir Thomas
208
Rolle, Richard
6
Romorantin, siege of
143
Roncesvalles, pass of
173
Rotherhithe
186
siege of
256–8
routiers
160
,
161
,
169
,
169–70
,
265
royal coat of arms
1
Rye
52–3
saddles
65
Saint-Cloud
95
Saint-Denis
95–6
Saint-Denis Chef du Caux
226
St Giles’s Fields trap
218
Saint-Josse
114
Saint-Lucien, Abbey of
96
St Omer
58
Saint-Pierre, Eustache de
124
St Pol, count of
205–6
St Quentin
52
Saint-Vaast la Hougue
86
Salic Law
41
Salisbury, Katherine Montagu, countess of
126
Salisbury, Thomas Montague, fourth earl of
264
,
266
,
268
Sangatte
123
scaling ladders
116
schiltrons
71
Scotland
succession crisis
23–5
alliance with France
24
Edward I’s campaigns
24–5
Edward II’s campaigns
27–8
,
65–6
peace treaty with
39–40
Edward III’s campaigns
45–6
,
49–50
,
66–7
peace negotiations
158–9
Battle of Homildon Hill
198–9
Scots forces
at Montereau
260
at Baugé
261–2
at Verneuil
265–6
scouts
71
Scrope, Richard
206–7
sea battles
38
Sluys
54–8
tactics
57
Harfleur
253
sea crossing
Crécy Campaign
85–6
Azincourt Campaign
225–6
sea routes
48
sea-borne raids, coastal warning system
75–6
Second World War
285
Seine, River
94–5
Selby, Sir Walter de
118
Sens, bishop of
157
Seven Years War
284–5
Shakespeare, William
3
,
240
,
242–3
Shameful Peace, the
40
ships
80–1
Shrewsbury, Battle of
155
,
199–205
Shrewsbury, John Talbot, earl of
271
,
278–9
,
282
siege engines
116–17
siege warfare
attacking the walls
116
belfries
115–16
biological
117
boredom
121
English treatment of civilians
255–6
health hazards
120–1
mining
116
scaling ladders
116
siege engines
116–17
starvation
117
Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor
252
significance
3–4
silver prices
9
skirmishers
71
Sluys
50
Smithfield
187
sources
4–8
Southampton
181
Spain
3
Spanish campaign, 1367
170–6
,
171
Stafford, Sir Richard de
137
Stirling Bridge, Battle of
24
stirrups
64–5
Stratford, Archbishop
54
Sudbury, Archbishop
187
Suffolk, earl of
146
Suffolk, Richard de la Pole, earl of
189
Suffolk, William de la Pole, earl of
268–9
,
274–5
tactics
66–7
archers
78
terror
86
tax of a ninth
53
tax rolls
9
taxation
3
,
9
,
22–3
,
53–4
,
185
,
188–9
,
265
technology, use of
283–4
Ternoise, River
238–9
Thérouanne, battle of
282
Thirty Years War
284
Thomas
(cog)
56
Thomas of Lancaster
210
Thomas of Walsingham
224
,
236–7
,
239
Tilly-sur-Seulles
90
time immemorial
21
titles
62
Toulouse
133
Touques, River
255
Tournai
58–9
Tours
141–2
training
74
transubstantiation, doctrine of
215
trebuchets
116
Trevet, Sir Thomas
182
Tripartite Indenture, the
206
Troyes, Treaty of
259–60
,
264
,
273
truce, 1347
125
truce, 1375
180–1
truce, 1389
190
Tyler, Wat
186–8
typhus
3
uniforms
74–5
Ustrem (Ouistreham)
89
Venables, Sir Richard
204
Verneuil, Battle of
265–6
Vernon, Sir Richard
204
Vienne, Jean de
120
,
123
,
123–5
,
181
Vienne, River
144
Vierzon
140
Vincennes
264
vintenaries
74
Vire, River
88
vital ground
7
Vitoria
173
Wadicourt
100
Wales
22
,
197–8
,
199–200
,
205
,
206
,
208
,
211–12
,
219
Wallace, William
24–5
Walter, Hubert
17
Walton-on-the-Naze
50
war aims, English
2
War of the Austrian Succession
284
War of the League of Augsburg
284
War of the Quadruple Alliance
284
War of the Spanish Succession
284
warfare, professionalization
3
,
63–4
Wars of the Breton Succession
3
Wars of the Roses
281
war-weariness
259
Warwick, earl of
91
,
133
,
145
,
146
,
153
,
154
,
190
Warwick, Richard Beauchamp, earl of
264
Warwick, Thomas Beauchamp, earl of
217
water supplies
80
Waterloo, Battle of
285
Welsh wars
65
Westbury, Thomas
201
Westminster, Treaty of
14
Westmorland, Ralph Neville, earl of
206–7
William I, the Conqueror
13–14
,
89
William II, King
14
Winchester, statute of
21–2
Windsor Castle
125–6
Wode, Sir Edward Atte
95
Worcester, Sir Thomas Percy, earl of
200
,
204
wounded, medical treatment
154–5
,
203–4
Wyclif, John
215–16
Yolande, countess of Monfort
77
York
39
York, Edward, duke of
238
,
241
,
247
,
249
Zouche, William de la
119
1
. Technically, the lions are
passant gardant
(walking with a paw raised) and are sometimes in English heraldry, and always in French
heraldry, known as ‘Leopards’.
2
. The word comes from Old English and means reckoning or accounting day; the day when who owes what in taxes is reckoned.
3
. Called Rufus either because of red hair or a ruddy countenance – we do not know.
4
. William’s death was probably a genuine accident, killed by an arrow while out hunting. Conspiracy theories then and now that allege an
assassination plot involving William’s brother Henry (who succeeded to the throne) and William’s attendant, the courtier Walter Tirel or Tyrrel, count of Poix, are not supported by the
evidence.
5
. His legitimate son and heir apparent, William, was drowned in 1120 when the ship on which he was travelling back to England – the
‘white ship’ – hit a rock and sank in the Channel off Normandy. Theories about the cause at the time ranged from drunkenness among the crew and passengers (possible) to the entire
crew being homosexuals (unlikely). The truth almost certainly is that the Channel was, and still is, an extremely dangerous stretch of water.
6
. There are many societies which did or do regard the failure to produce sons as grounds for dissolution of a marriage. The production of
daughters rather than sons is, of course, a factor more of the male sperm than of the female ovum.
7
. Much confusion is caused to those not familiar with medieval European geography by reference to Aquitaine, Guienne and Gascony. Aquitaine,
with its capital of Bordeaux, consisted of an old, smaller county of that name plus Gascony, while Guienne was simply the French name for Aquitaine. This book will refer to Aquitaine except where
the person referred to is a native of the original Gascony, in which case he is a Gascon. Reference is also made to the county of Agenais, which was part of Aquitaine and the strip between the
Garonne and Dordogne rivers.
8
. Which is why the United Kingdom, when granting Cyprus independence in 1960, retained and still retains two military bases as sovereign British
territory on the island.
9
. Like her namesake, the queen of Edward II over a century later, Isabella was reputed to take lovers. It is said that John had them hanged from
the frame of her four-poster bed.
10
. The Channel Islands are not part of the United Kingdom but a crown dependency. The loyal toast is ‘The Duke of Normandy – our
Queen’.
11
. The interdict meant that no ‘sacrament’ could be carried out – baptism, confirmation, mass, confession, ordination of
clergy, marriage and the last rites for the dying – nor could any burial be carried out in consecrated ground. It seems to have had not the slightest effect on the people generally nor on
John, who retaliated by confiscating the church estates.
12
. Much trumpeted as the foundation stone of British democracy, it was in fact a critique of what the barons saw as the evils of John’s
rule. No sooner had he signed it than he was seeking ways to circumvent it, and it was never fully implemented. It was last cited as a legal authority in England in
Joyce
v
DPP
Court of Appeal [1946].
13
. Perhaps inevitably, considering de Montfort’s claim to be fighting to obtain ‘justice for all’, by which he meant
‘advantage to me and my friends’, a cult around him rapidly grew up with miracles and apparitions aplenty. There is even a De Montfort University, whose antiquity dates back to
1993.