A History of Japan: From Stone Age to Superpower (96 page)

28
The text is believed to be based posthumously on a manuscript by the Confucian scholar Kaibara Ekiken (1631–1714, also Ekken). See the partial translation in Paulson 76, p11.

29
Leupp 95, p3. See also pp47–55 for a detailed discussion of homosexuality among samurai.

30
Leupp 95, p95. See also p20 regarding Confucian tolerance of homosexuality.

31
The most noted
haiku
poet was Matsuo Bash
(1644–94).
Haiku
and
senry
are both 17-syllable verses, the
haiku
generally focusing on nature,
senry
on the human world.

32
Many of the genres of the day, particularly
ch
ninmono
and
k
shokubon
, are represented by the writer Ihara Saikaku (1642–93).

33
As many commentators have observed, sexuality continues to be very much a part of present-day Japanese society, as seen in the large amount of pornography and frequency of extra-marital affairs and sexual offences. See for example Buruma 85, who among other things traces direct links between present pornography and prints of this period.

34
It was not just the chaos that worried the sh
gunate. Many samurai, as well as merchants and peasants, attended performances and became involved with the performers, who were invariably ‘outcasts’. This mixing of the classes was not seen as desirable.

For details of the sexual associations of
kabuki
, including sexual frenzy during performances, see Leupp 95, pp130–1 and pp90–2.

35
For detailed discussion of
geisha
– who were all male till the mid-1700s – see Dalby 83 and Downer 00, and for Yoshiwara see Seigle 93. The
shamisen
is a three-stringed lute-like instrument.

36
Reischauer and Craig 79, pp98–9.

37
See Hanley and Yamamura 77, esp. p226, p324, and pp330–1.

38
Hanley and Yamamura 77, p227.

39
Reischauer and Craig 79, p98.

40
See Hanley and Yamamura 77, pp88–90.

41
See Sat
90, esp. pp62–72, for a detailed discussion of technological developments.

42
Most
daimy
sold surplus domain rice, but others ‘cashed’ a range of goods reflecting increased specialisation, such as sugar-cane from the Shimazu family’s Satsuma domain in southern Ky
sh
. The sophisticated mechanisms included, by the eighteenth century, a futures market. See Reischauer and Craig 79, pp94–5.

43
Reischauer and Craig 79, pp96–7, and Mason and Caiger 72, pp176–7.

44
See Sakud
90 for a detailed discussion of the development of merchant houses.

45
See Morris-Suzuki 89, pp26–30. Morris-Suzuki discusses in her work a number of other economic thinkers of the period.