A People's History of the United States (112 page)

• Smith, Adam, 74
  
• Smith, Henry Nash, 282
  
• Smith, John, 13
  
• Smith, Justin H., 158–59, 166–67
  
• Smith, Ruby Doris, 453, 504
  
• Smith, Sir Thomas, 24
  
• Sobell, Morton, 434
  
• Socialism/Socialist party, 264, 322, 330–50
  passim
  , 352, 353, 359, 374, 558
  
  • and labor, 244–45, 249, 268–73, 278, 281, 282, 307–08, 336, 339–40, 382, 385, 406, 547
    
  • Spanish-American war, 307–08
    
  • World War I, 10, 359, 364–70, 372
    
  • World War II, 420
    
• Social Security Act, 403
  
• Somalia, 654–55
  
• Somoza dictatorship, 572, 585
  
• Sons of liberty, 66, 68, 71
  
• Sorensen, Theodore, 546
  
• Sorge, F. A., 242
  
• Sousa, Jerry, 518, 522
  
• South Africa, 321, 430, 566, 568, 608
  
• South Carolina, 141, 142, 199–200
  
  • Colonial era, 36, 47, 53–57
    passim
    , 68, 73, 77, 82, 83
    
• Soviet Union, 17, 426, 568, 613
  
  • Afghanistan invasion, 572, 604–05
    
  • Bolshevik Revolution, 373, 380, 409
    
  • cold war with U.S., 425, 429, 437, 448, 583–84
    
  • and Cuba, 440
    
  • disintegration of, 584, 591–92, 625, 638, 644, 651–52
    
  • immigrants returned to, by U.S., 375
    
  • labor leaders flee to, 373, 386
    
  • World War II, 407, 410, 411, 413, 423, 424
    
• Spain, 2, 32
  
  • Civil War, 409, 420, 486
    
  • exploration and colonization,
    1–5, 7–8, 9, 11–12, 14, 17–18, 25
    
  • and Cuba, 3, 5–7, 301, 302, 303, 304
    
  • Florida, 129
    
  • loss of Puerto Rico, Guam, and Philippines to U.S., 312
    
  • and Mexico, 11–12
    
  • and Peru, 12
    
  • slavery, 3–7
    passim
    , 25, 32
    
  • Spanish American war, 10, 295, 300, 303–10, 312
    
• Speckled Snake, 136
  
• Spies, August, 270–71
  
• Spock, Dr. Benjamin, 618
  
• Spotswood, Alexander, 34
  
• Spring, Joel, 263
  
• Spruill, Julia, 106, 109
  
• Stalin, Joseph, 17, 592
  
• Stamp Act of 1765, 61, 65, 66, 69, 71
  
• Stampp, Kenneth, 31, 35
  
• Standard Oil Company, 256–57, 260, 301, 323
  
• Stanford, Leland, 262
  
• Stans, Maurice, 544, 547
  
• Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 119, 122
  
• Star Wars program, 584
  
• steel, 253, 257, 258, 276–77, 294, 310, 324, 363, 380–81, 401, 408
  
• Steele, James, 580
  
• Steffens, Lincoln, 323
  
• Stein, Herbert, 575
  
• Steinbeck, John, 389
  
• Steiner, Stan, 533
  
• Steinke, Richard, 492–93
  
• Stillman, James, 323, 351
  
• Stockwell, John, 617
  
• Stone, I. F., 553
  
• Stone, Lucy, 119
  
• Stout, Linda, 614
  
• Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 453, 454, 455, 459, 485
  
• Sudan, 659, 678
  
• suffrage,
  see
  voting
  
• Sulzberger, C. L., 501, 551
  
• Sununu, John, 595
  
• Supreme Court, 141, 216, 260–61, 596, 645
  
  • on abortion, 510, 574, 616
    
  • appointment of, 96, 260
    
  • business and economic interests protected by, 260–62
    
  • and civil rights, 187, 198, 204, 205, 450, 451
    
  • on Communist party, 435
    
  • election of 2000 and, 677
    
  • on free speech, 366
    
  • Indians, rights of, 526
    
  • on Japanese-American evacuation, 416
    
  • NRA declared unconstitutional, 393
    
  • on
    Pentagon Papers,
    488
    
  • on prison conditions, 523
    
  • on school desegregation, 582
    
  • on sit-downs, 402
    
  • Vietnam war, constitutionality of, 476, 498
    
  • on White House tapes, 547
    
• Swan, E. S., 328
  
• Swift, Gustavus, 254
  
• Taft, William Howard, 347, 349, 350
  
• “talk radio,” 564
  
• Tanzania, 659, 678, 682
  
• Tarbell, Ida, 323
  
• tariffs, 91, 101, 130, 141, 142, 189, 206, 238, 257
  
• Tatum, Georgia Lee, 237
  
• taxation: Colonial era, 39, 40, 41, 48, 52, 61, 63, 66, 71, 72
  
  • Stamp Act, 61, 65, 66, 69, 71
    
  • 18th century, 83–84, 91, 100, 101
    
  • income, 260, 349, 384, 580–81
    
• Taylor, Frederick W., 324
  
• Taylor, Maxwell, 475
  
• Taylor, Zachary, 150, 151, 152, 153, 160, 164, 165
  
• Tecumseh, 127, 132–33
  
• Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), 393, 403
  
• Terkel, Studs, 390, 391, 394
  
• terrorism, 591, 649
  
  • “war on. . .,” 678–82
    
• Texas: annexation and boundary dispute, 149, 150, 159, 169
  
• textile mills, 243–44, 253, 300, 334–37, 346, 381, 385, 386, 397
  
• Thomas, Clarence, 574
  
• Thoreau, Henry David, 156
  
• Thorpe, Grace, 528
  
• Three Mile Island, 613
  
• Tiffany, Charles, 207
  
• Tikas, Lou, 355
  
• Tilimon, Johnnie, 513–14
  
• tobacco, 24, 171, 254, 260, 283, 301, 310
  
• Tocqueville, Alexis de, 218
  
• Todd, John, 120
  
• Tragle, Henry, 174
  
• transportation, 125, 218, 219, 239, 283
  
  • segregation, 450, 450–51, 453
    
  • see also
    railroads
    
• Trilateral Commission, 558, 560–61, 566
  
• Trollope, Frances, 116
  
• Trotter, William Monroe, 348
  
• Truman, Harry, 425, 426, 434–35, 438, 470, 473, 560, 583
  
  • civil fights, 448–49
    
  • Korean war, 427, 428, 438, 685
    
  • security Program and anti-Communism, 428, 430, 432, 435, 436
    
  • World War II, 17, 412, 422, 423–24
    
• Truman Doctrine, 426–27, 429
  
• Trumbo, Dalton, 374, 496–97
  
• Truth, Sojourner, 124, 184–85, 193, 202
  
• Tubman, Harriet, 175, 185, 193
  
• Tumulty, Joseph, 374–75
  
• Turkey, 426, 429, 551, 656
  
• Turner, Henry MacNeal, 200
  
• Turner, Nat, 171, 174, 185
  
• Twain, Mark, 316, 321
  
• Tyler John, 215
  
• unemployment, 557–58, 570, 578, 650
  
• unions,
  see
  labor organization
  
• United Fruit Company, 439, 508
  
• United Mine Workers, 307, 330, 354, 355
  
• United Nations, 415, 427, 470, 653–55
  
• U.S. Steel, 257, 331, 350, 363, 381
  
• Van Buren, Martin, 130, 146, 148, 217, 224
  
• Vandenberg, Arthur, 415
  
• Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 262
  
• Vanderbilt family, 242
  
• Van Every, Dale, 135–36, 137, 138–39, 142, 143, 146
  
• Vanzetti, Bartolomeo, 376
  
• Vesco, Robert, 544, 547
  
• Vesey, Denmark, 171, 173–74
  
• Vietnam/Vietnam war, 9, 366–67, 411, 469, 472–501, 542, 549–54, 556, 558, 563, 618, 618–19, 631, 652
  
  • opposition to, 461, 484–94, 500–01, 516, 518, 523, 541, 542, 554, 567
    
• Pentagon Papers,
  412, 470, 472, 473, 474, 476, 481, 488, 499, 500
  
  • War Powers Act, 588
    
• Vincent, Henry, 286
  
• Vinson, Fred, 434, 435
  
• Virginia (Colonial era), 12, 13, 18, 25, 41–47
  passim
  , 50, 55, 56, 68, 78, 82, 84, 86
  
  • Bacon's Rebellion, 37, 39–42, 45, 54, 55, 59
    
  • House of Burgesses, birth of, 43
    
  • slavery, 25, 30, 32–38
    passim
    , 47, 72
    
• see also
  Jamestown
  
• Vogel, Virgil, 15
  
• voting: blacks, 65, 88–89, 198, 199, 203, 207, 291, 449, 454–55, 456, 458, 459, 461, 465–66, 610
  
  • Constitution, 96
    
  • 15th Amendment, 198, 449
    
  • Indians, 65, 96
    
  • low voter turnout, 563
    
  • 1960s and 1970s, 562
    
  • property qualifications, 49, 65, 83, 96, 214–16, 291
    
  • women, 65, 96, 110, 114, 123, 342, 343, 344–45, 384, 503
    
  • see also
    civil rights/civil rights movement
    
• Wadsworth, James, 359
  
• Wake Island, 312
  
• Walker, Charles R., 394
  
• Walker, David, 180, 184
  
• Walker, Margaret, 446
  
• Wall, John, 618
  
• Wallace, Henry, 428, 449
  
• Wampanoag Indians, 15–16, 40
  
• War of 1812, 127
  
• War on Poverty, 601
  
• War Powers Act, 553, 588
  
• War Resister's League, 437
  
• Washburn, Wilcomb, 40
  
• Washington, Booker T., 208, 209, 348
  
• Washington, George, 85, 91, 95, 97, 125, 126
  
  • Revolutionary War, 79–80, 81, 82, 145
    
• Washington, Mrs. George (Martha), 110
  
• Watergate, 488, 542–49
  passim
  , 554, 558, 631
  
• Watergate scandal, 563, 618
  
• Watson, Tom, 291–92
  
• Wayland, Francis, 156
  
• Wayne, Anthony, 81, 87
  
• wealth distribution, 571, 612, 629, 662–64, 668
  
• Weatherby, William, 404
  
• Weaver, James, 289
  
• Webster, Daniel, 142, 145, 181, 216
  
• Weems, John, 162, 166, 167
  
• Weil, Simone, 420
  
• Weinberger, Caspar, 584, 585, 605
  
• Wiener, Jon, 595
  
• Weinstein, James, 351, 353, 365
  
• welfare, attack on, 578–79, 647–50
  
• Welles, Sumner, 412
  
• Welter, Barbara, 112
  
• West Germany, 591
  
• Westmoreland, William, 500, 550
  
• Wheeler, Burton, 385
  
• White, Walter, 419
  
• Whitman, Walt, 154
  
• Wicker, Tom, 521, 566
  
• Wiebe, Robert, 350
  
• Willard, Emma, 117–18
  
• Williams, Roger, 16–17
  
• Williams, William Applernan, 301–02
  
• Wilson, Charles E., 425
  
• Wilson, Darryl B., 530
  
• Wilson, Edmund, 237–38
  
• Wilson, James, 70, 80
  
• Wilson, James Q., 587
  
• Wilson, Woodrow, 347, 349, 350, 356, 362, 381
  
  • World War I, 361, 362, 364, 365
    
• Winthrop, John, 13, 14, 48, 108–09
  
• Winthrop, Robert, 158
  
• Witt, Shirley Hill, 533
  
• Wittner, Lawrence, 419, 425
  
• Wollstonecraft, Mary, 111
  
• women: abolitionists, 117, 120, 121, 122, 124
  
  • abortion, 509–10, 511
    
  • blacks, 32, 103, 105–06, 184–85, 193, 202, 347, 504
    
  • change in status, 503–14
    
  • Colonial Era, 43, 44, 49, 72, 73, 102, 104–11
    passim
    
  • Declaration of Independence and Constitution, 72, 73, 96, 102
    
  • education, 110, 115, 118, 123, 509
    
  • exploitation and oppression, 9, 103–24
    passim
    
  • feminist movements: 19th century, 117, 119–23
    passim
    , 184–85, 202; early 20th century, 342–46, 349; 1960s and 1970s, 504–14; 1980s and 1990s, 616
    
  • Indians, 5, 7, 19, 20, 104
    
  • in antinuclear movement, 603
    
  • labor, 10, 32, 43, 44, 103, 104–05, 110, 111, 114–15, 123, 228–31, 234–35, 240–41, 253, 257, 267–68, 324–27
    passim
    , 336, 338–39, 347, 406, 504, 506–11
    passim
    ;
    see also
    labor, factory and mill system
    
  • property ownership denied, 114, 123
    
  • rape, 510, 511
    
  • socialists, 341–46
    passim
    
  • voting, 65, 96, 110, 114, 123, 342, 343, 344–45, 384, 503
    
  • World War II, 416
    
• Wood, Leonard, 311, 312
  
• Woodford, Stewart, 304
  
• Woodward, C. Vann, 205, 206, 274–75, 292
  
• Woodward, Carl, 545
  
• Worcester, Samuel, 141
  
• Workingmen's party, 244–45, 248–49
  
• World Bank, 566, 658, 674
  
• World Trade Organization (WTO), 672–74
  
• World War I, 10, 359–74, 376, 418, 492
  
• World War II, 10, 407–25
  passim
  , 492
  
  • Germany and Japan, bombing of, 9, 17, 421–23, 481
    
  • and labor, 402, 407, 415, 416, 417–18, 504
    
• Wright, Frances, 121–22, 221
  
• Wright, Margaret, 465
  
• Wright, Richard, 446–47
  
• Yeltsin, Boris, 657
  
• Young, Andrew, 554, 566
  
• Young, Marilyn, 300, 625
  
• Young, Thomas, 62
  
• Yugoslavia, 426, 660–61
  
• Zuñi Indians, 19, 104
  

To my two editors, for their incalculable help: Cynthia Merman of Harper & Row, and Roslyn Zinn.

To Hugh Van Dusen, of HarperCollins, for wonderful help and support throughout the history of this book.

To Rick Balkin, my tirelessly attentive agent and friend.

To
Akwesasne Notes,
Mohawk Nation, for the passage from Ila Abernathy's poem.

To Dodd, Mead & Company, for the passage from “We Wear the Mask” from
The Complete Poems of Paul Laurence Dunbar.

To Harper & Row, for “Incident” from
On These I Stand
by Countee Cullen. Copyright 1925 by Harper & Row Publishers, Inc.; renewed 1953 by Ida M. Cullen.

To Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., for the passage from “I, Too” from
Selected Poems of Langston Hughes
.

To
The New Trail,
1953 School Yearbook of the Phoenix Indian School, Phoenix, Arizona, for the poem “It Is Not!”

To Random House, Inc., for the passage from “Lenox Avenue Mural” from
The Panther and the Lash: Poems of Our Time by Langston Hughes
.

To Esta Seaton, for her poem “Her Life,” which first appeared in
The Ethnic American Woman
by Edith Blicksilver, Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, 1978.

To Warner Bros., for the excerpt from “Brother Can You Spare a Dime?” Lyric by Jay Gomey, Music by E. Y. Harburg. © 1932 Warner Bros. Inc. Copyright Renewed. All Rights Reserved. Used By Permission.

HOWARD ZINN
is a historian, playwright, and social activist. He lives with his wife, painter Roslyn Zinn, in Auburndale, Massachusetts.

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