Allende’s Chile and the Inter-American Cold War (61 page)

105.
Memorandum of Conversation, Connally, Médici, et al., 8 June 1972.

106.
Memorandum of Conversation, Rogers and Gibson Barbosa, 29 September 1972, Waldorf Hotel, Telegram, USMission, UN to SecState, 6 October 1972, box 2130/RG59/NARA; and Gaspari,
Ditadura Derrotada
, 349–51. On Brazilian government and military concerns regarding the Tupamaro threat and the security situation in Uruguay, see Telegram, Amembassy Brasilia to SecState, 7 March 1972, doc. 147/FRUS/1969–1976/Vol. E-10.

107.
Memorandum of Conversation, Connally and de la Flor, 14 June 1972, Telegram, Amembassy Lima to SecState, 23 June 1972, Executive Secretariat, Briefing Books, 1958–1976, lot 720373, box 135/RG59/NARA.

108.
NSSM 158. The United States’ policy of “non-overt pressure” on Peru included a freeze on U.S. government bilateral assistance, including Eximbank lending, lobbying of U.S. banks to put financial pressures on Peru, and a discreet position against Lima at the IBRD and the IMF.

109.
Annex to NSSM 158, enclosure, Memorandum, A. Arenales (INR/RAA/OD) to Bloomfield (ARA/NSC-IG), 6 September 1972, box H193/NSCIF/NPMP.

110.
NSSM 158. On the differentiation in the minds of policy makers between Peru and Chile, see Vaky interview. For a previous study of the differentiation, see also Cottam,
Images and Intervention
.

111.
NSSM 158.

112.
Memorandum, Peter M. Flanigan and Kissinger to Nixon, 28 December 1972, box H237/NSCIF/NPMP; Memorandum, Thomas R. Pickering, Executive Secretary DOS, to Brent Scowcroft, 13 September 1973, box 2196/RG59/NARA; and Country Report, Peru, The Green Book.

113.
Oficio, Letelier to Señor Ministro, 13 October 1973, Oficios Conf., E./R./EEUU/1972/AMRE.

114.
Memorandum, Urrutia to Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores et al., “Algunos Aspectos de Las relaciones Financieras de Chile con la Banca de EE.UU,” 22 October 1971, 2/13/44/FOL.

115.
Aide Memoire, Letelier, “Situación Relaciones Chile con Estados Unidos,” 11 August 1972, 2/16/5/FOL; and Memorandum, Letelier, “Medidas que podríamos adoptar para establecer algún ‘modus vivendi’ con Estados Unidos,” 5 September 1972, enclosure, Letter (personal and confidential), Orlando to Clodomiro, 6 September 1972, 2/17/12/FOL.

116.
Letter (personal and confidential), Orlando to Clodomiro, 6 September 1972.

117.
Aide Memoire, Letelier, “Situación Relaciones Chile con Estados Unidos,” 11 August 1972; and Memorandum, Letelier, “Medidas que podríamos adoptar para establecer algún ‘modus vivendi’ con Estados Unidos,” 5 September 1972.

118.
For negative PS reaction to PCCh analysis of the situation, see Arnoldo Camú, “Respuesta al Partido Comunista,”
Punto Final
, 18 July 1972, in Pérez, “La Izquierda,” 460–65.

119.
Allende, 7 August 1972, as quoted in Telegram, Davis to DOS, 9 August 1972, box 478/RG59/NARA.

120.
Report, Latin American Institute, Soviet Academy of Sciences, c. July 1972, in Ulianova and Fediakova, “Chile en los Archivos de la URSS (1959–1973),” 425–26, 436, and Ulianova, “La Unidad Popular y el Golpe Militar,” 96–101.

121.
Letter, Ambassador Fries, East German Ambassador, Santiago, to Comrade Georg Stibi, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Berlin, 25 June 1972, V-33/MfAA.

122.
Pravda
, 23 November 1972, as quoted in Miller,
Soviet Relations with Latin America
, 132.

123.
Memorandum, Letelier, “Medidas que podríamos adoptar para establecer algún ‘modus vivendi’ con Estados Unidos,” 5 September 1972.

124.
Miller,
Soviet Relations with Latin America
, 139–40.

125.
Edmundo Eluchans as quoted in Memorandum of Conversation, Jorge Ross (Businessman), Joaquin Figueroa (ex–General Manager Mina Andina), Orlando Saenz (President SOFOFA), Javier Vial (President FENSA), Edmundo Eluchans (Lawyer), Davis, Joel W. Biller (Acting DCM, U.S. Embassy), and Calvin C. Berlin (U.S. Commercial Attaché), 26 July 1972, enclosure, Airgram, Davis to DOS, 2 August 1972, box 2197/RG59/NARA.

126.
Aide Memoire, Letelier, “Situación Relaciones Chile con Estados Unidos,” 11 August 1972, and Memorandum, Letelier, “Medidas que podríamos adoptar para establecer algún ‘modus vivendi’ con Estados Unidos,” 5 September 1972.

127.
Urrutia interviews, and Huidobro interview, 18 October 2004.

128.
Telex, Letelier to Almeyda (exclusivo), 15 May 1972, Telex R./EEUU/1972/AMRE; and Oficios, Letelier to Señor Ministro, 23 May 1972, and Letelier to Señor Ministro, 20 June 1972, Oficios Conf., E./R./EEUU/1972/AMRE. See also Davis,
Last Two Years
, 94.

129.
Telex, Carlos Negri, Direccion Economica, MRE, to Embachile Washington, 7 August 1972, Telex E./EEUU/1972/AMRE.

130.
Aide Memoire, Letelier, “Situación Relaciones Chile con Estados Unidos,” 11 August 1972, and Memorandum, Letelier, “Medidas que podríamos adoptar para establecer algún ‘modus vivendi’ con Estados Unidos,” 5 September 1972.

131.
Memorandum, Letelier, “Medidas que podríamos adoptar para establecer algún ‘modus vivendi’ con Estados Unidos,” 5 September 1972.

132.
Letter (personal and confidential), Orlando to Clodomiro, 6 September 1972.

133.
Handwritten letter, Cloro to Orlando, 30 September 1972, 2/17/13/FOL.

134.
Telexes, Almeyda to Embachile Washington, 5 September 1972, and Letelier to Almeyda (exclusivo), 29 September 1972, Telex R./EEUU/1972/AMRE; and Record of Conversation, Subsecretary Luis Orlandini, MRE, and Davis, 18 October 1972, Telex, Orlandini to Almeyda (in Washington), 18 October 1972, Telex E./EEUU/1972/AMRE.

135.
Draft Note, MRE to U.S. Embassy, Santiago, Telex, MRE to Embachile Washington, 14 October 1972, Telex E./EEUU/1972/AMRE.

136.
Record of Conversation, Orlandini and Davis, 18 October 1972, and Davis,
Last Two Years
, 102–3.

137.
Record of Conversation, Letelier and Hennessy, 29 September 1972, Telex, Letelier to Almeyda, 29 September 1972, Telex R./EEUU/1972/AMRE.

138.
CIA Information Report, Directorate of Plans, 31 October 1972, CDP-CIA; and Background Study, Shlaudeman “Toward a Working Hypothesis of the Gremialista Movement, Its Origin, Structure and Implications,” enclosure, Airgram, Davis to DOS, 15 December 1972, box 2194/RG59/NARA. See also Memorandum, Jorden to Kissinger, 29 August 1973, CDP-NSC. Jorden describes the possibility of supporting Gremialistas as “new territory.”

139.
Memorandum for 40 Committee, 21 January 1972, and Memorandum for the 40 Committee, 10 October 1972, CDP-NSC.

140.
Memorandum for the 40 Committee, 6 April 1972, and Memorandum for the 40 Committee, 15 August 1972, CDP-NSC.

141.
Memorandum, Rob Roy Ratliff (CIA) to Kissinger, 16 June 1972, CDP-NSC.

142.
Memorandum of Conversation, Gustavo Alessandri Valdes, Second Vice-President (PN) and Arzac, 28 July 1972, enclosure, Airgram, Davis to DOS, 23 August 1972, box 2194/RG59/NARA.

143.
Covert Action in Chile
, 37–39.

144.
Conversation, Ambassador A. V. Basov with Corvalán and Teitelboim, 13 September 1972, published as “Conversación del embajador A. V. Basov con Luis Corvalán y Volodia Teitelboim,” in Ulianova and Fediakova, “Chile en los Archivos de la URSS (1959–1973),” 441. See also “Discussion between First Secretary Erich Honecker with the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the PCCh, Luis Corvalán, November 24, 1972, Berlin,” DY/30 2432/SAPMO.

145.
Telegram, Davis to SecState, 22 August 1972, box 2198/RG59/NARA; Telegram, Davis to SecState, 15 September 1972, CDP-NARA; and Record of Conversation, Davis and Frei, 16 August 1972, Telegram, Davis to SecState, 19 August 1972, box 2193/RG59/NARA.

146.
Allende as quoted in “‘Si Hubiera Guerra Civil la Ganariamos,’ djo S.E.,”
La Tercera de la Hora
, 31 August 1972, Gonzalez Pino and Fontaine Talavera,
Mil Días (I)
, 441.

147.
Quiroga,
Compañeros
, 84.

148.
Letter, Castro to Allende, 6 September 1972, in Castro, “Salvador Allende: His Example Lives On.”

149.
“Discussion between First Secretary Erich Honecker with the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the PCCh, Luis Corvolan, November 24, 1972, Berlin.”

150.
Nolff,
Salvador Allende
, 87.

151.
Quiroga,
Compañeros
, 121.

152.
Ibid., 82, 116–17.

153.
Huerta interview, 18 October 2004; Pascal Allende interview; conversations with Oña, March–April 2010; and Cabieses interview, 25 March 2010.

154.
Bautista Yofre,
Misión Argentina
, 261–69, and “Avión con Guerrilleros Argentinos Llegó a Chile,”
La Tercera de la Hora
, 16 August 1972, Gonzalez Pino and Fontaine Talavera,
Mil Días (I)
, 528–30.

155.
Huidobro interview, 28 October 2004. See also Bautista Yofre,
Misión Argentina
, 267–69.

156.
Dinges,
Condor Years
, 50–51.

157.
Gaspari,
Ditadura Derrotada
, 357; McSherry,
Predatory States
, 57; and Telegram, Davis to SecState, 28 September 1973, DOS/CFP.

158.
Dinges,
Condor Years
, 50–51.

159.
Jaramillo Edwards interview, 21 September 2004, and Oña interview, 2 May 2006.

160.
Record of Conversation, Davis and Frei, 15 March 1972, Telegram, Davis to SecState, 16 March 1972, and Record of Conversation, Davis and Frei, 16 August 1972, Telegram, Davis to SecState, 19 August 1972, box 2193/RG59/NARA.

161.
Vuskovic as quoted in Memorandum for the 40 Committee, 15 August 1972, CDP-NSC.

162.
Oficio, Letelier to Señor Ministro, 13 October 1972, Oficios Conf., E./R./EEUU/1972/AMRE.

163.
Transcript, Nixon and Haldeman, 15 June 1972, in Doyle, “The Nixon Tapes.”

164.
Memorandum, Connally, Médici, et al., 8 June 1972.

165.
Transcript, Nixon and Echeverría, Oval Office, 15 June 1972.

166.
Summary of Minutes, Connally and Pastrana, 7 June 1972, Telegram, Amembassy Bogotá to SecState, 17 June 1972.

167.
Aerogram, Herrera to MRE, 9 September 1972, Aerogram y Telex/OEA/1972/AMRE; and Leacock,
Requiem for Revolution
, 228–29.

168.
Gamani Corea as quoted in Nossiter,
Global Struggle for More
, 40.

169.
Memorandum, Letelier, 23 November 1972, 2/16/7/FOL.

1.
Allende, “Address to the United Nations General Assembly,” in Cockcroft,
Allende Reader
, 202, 212.

2.
Record of Conversation, Díaz Casanueva and Bush, 15 November 1972, Telegram, Bush to SecState, 15 November 1972, box 2193/RG59/NARA.

3.
Intelligence Note, INR, “Chile: Quest for the unreachable,” 30 November 1972, box 2193/RG59/NARA.

4.
Neruda,
Incitación al Nixonicidio
, and Allende, Speech at Kremlin Banquet, 6 December 1972, published as “Palabras del Presidente de la República de Chile, Salvador Allende Gossens, pronunciadas en la Cena Ofrecida en su Honor en el Kremlin, Moscú,” in Pérez, “La Izquierda,” 491.

5.
Letter, Orlando to Clodomiro, 11 November 1972, 2/17/8/FOL.

6.
Telexes, Letelier to Almeyda, 8 and 10 November 1972, Telex R./EEUU/1972/AMRE; and Letter, Orlando to Clodomiro, 11 November 1972.

7.
Memorandum of Conversation, Letelier and Davis, Santiago, no date, Telegram, Davis to SecState, 23 November 1972, box 2193/RG59/NARA.

8.
Memorandum, Crimmins to the Secretary, 11 November 1972, box 2193/RG59/NARA.

9.
Intelligence Note, INR, “Chile: Quest for the unreachable,” 30 November 1972, and Intelligence Note, INR, “Chile: Cabinet Changes Should End Confrontation” 6 November 1972, box 2197/RG59/NARA.

10.
For en masse cancellation of TV channels’ interest in interviewing Allende hours after networks fought over access to the president, see Oficio, Letelier to Señor Ministro, 19 January 1973, Conf., E./R./EEUU/1973/AMRE.

11.
Ibid.

12.
Allende as quoted in Telegram, McBride to SecState, 7 December 1972, box 2193/RG59/NARA.

13.
Allende, “Address to the United Nations General Assembly,” in Cockcroft,
Allende Reader
, 205–12.

14.
Ibid., 202–3, 214–18.

15.
Record of Conversation, Bush and Allende, Waldorf Towers, 4 December, Telegram, DOS to Amembassy Santiago, 4 December 1972, box 2197/RG59/NARA.

16.
Almeyda,
Reencuentro con mi Vida
, 182–83.

17.
Estrada interview.

18.
“Discussion between First Secretary Erich Honecker with the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the PCCh, Luis Corvalán, November 24, 1972, Berlin,” DY/30 2432/SAPMO. For other accounts of Corvalán’s trip, see Haslam,
Assisted Suicide
, 151–52, and Telegram, Beam, Amembassy Moscow, to SecState, 24 November 1972, box 2193/RG59/NARA.

19.
Ulianova, “La Unidad Popular y el Golpe Militar,” 102.

20.
Allende, “Palabras del Presidente de la República de Chile, Salvador Allende Gossens, pronunciadas en la Cena Ofrecida en su Honor en el Kremlin, Moscú,” in Pérez, “Izquierda,” 491.

21.
Soto interviews. See also Soto,
El Ultimo Día
, 24.

22.
Haslam,
Assisted Suicide
, 152–53.

23.
Intelligence Note, INR, “USSR-Chile: Allende Visit Produces Limited Results,” 12 December 1972, box 2193/RG59/NARA; and Haslam,
Assisted Suicide
, 153.

24.
Huidobro interviews.