Allende’s Chile and the Inter-American Cold War (64 page)

119.
Estrada interview; Estrada Testimony, CMSA; and Estrada, “Allende’s Death in Combat.” On the reasons for the Cuban embassy’s stockpiling of weapons, see chapter 5.

120.
Mario García Incháustegui Testimony, in Timossi,
Grandes Alamedas
, 98.

121.
Otero interview; Estrada interview; Oña interview, 3 September 2005; and Vázquez and Cubillas interview, 11 September 2005.

122.
Estrada interview, and Estrada Testimony, CMSA.

123.
Perez, “Salvador Allende, Apuntes Sobre su Dispositivo de Seguridad,” 36–37, n. 16, and Timossi,
Grandes Alamedas
, 76.

124.
Allende, 8:45 a.m., 11 September, published as “La Moneda, 11 de Septiembre de 1973,”
OE-SA
, 668.

125.
Soto,
El Ultimo Día
, 69–70, 73, and Timossi,
Grandes Alamedas
, 52.

126.
Espejo interview, 31 March 2010.

127.
Soto,
El Ultimo Día
, 69–70, 73, and Beatriz Allende, Speech at the Plaza de la Revolución, Havana, 28 September 1973, in Timossi,
Grandes Alamedas
, 55.

128.
Estrada Testimony, CMSA, and Estrada interview.

129.
Soto,
El Ultimo Día
, 68, and Verdugo,
Interferencia Secreta
, 54.

130.
“Andrés Pascal [Allende] recuerda la participación del MIR en el gobierno de Salvador Allende,” La Fogata Digital, and Beatriz Allende, 28 September 1973, in Timossi,
Grandes Alamedas
, 53.

131.
Davis,
Last Two Years
, 253; Soto,
El Ultimo Día
, 82, 90; and Verdugo,
Interferencia Secreta
, 59.

132.
Beatriz Allende, 28 September 1973, in Timossi,
Grandes Alamedas
, 53.

133.
Allende, “Last Words,” in Cockcroft,
Allende Reader
, 239.

134.
Timossi,
Grandes Alamedas
, 36–38, and Davis,
Last Two Years
, 252–63.

135.
Estrada interview, and Jaramillo Edwards interviews. See also Jaramillo Edwards, “Vuelo de Noche,” 90, and Mario García Incháustegui Testimony, in Timossi,
Grandes Alamedas
, 96.

136.
Estrada interview, and Oña interview, 3 September 2005.

137.
Timossi,
Grandes Alamedas
, 96. The number 200 is also cited in Telegram, Davis to SecState, “Cubans Go Home,” 12 September 1973, DOS/CFP. The first U.S. reference the author has found of military attacks against the embassy is a CIA Information Report on 11 September that details a planned attack due to take place at 6:30 p.m. Davis reports that he learned of events via the Israeli ambassador who had heard about them from Mexico’s ambassador. See also Oña interview, 16 December 2004.

138.
Estrada interview.

139.
Oña interview, 9 December 2004.

140.
Quotation from Davis,
Last Two Years
, 242, and Telegram, SecState to U.S. Mission, UN, “Noon Wrapup,” 15 September 1973, DOS/CFP.

141.
Quotation from Davis,
Last Two Years
, 263.

142.
Soto,
El Ultimo Día
, 87, and Davis,
Last Two Years
, 263.

143.
Soto,
El Ultimo Día
, 87–88.

144.
Verdugo,
Interferencia Secreta
, 38; Davis,
Last Two Years
, 232; and Silva interview.

145.
Quiroga,
Compañeros
, 150–52, and Pérez, “Años de Disparos y Tortura,” 359–60.

146.
Davis,
Last Two Years
, 247.

147.
Estrada interview, and Oña interviews, 15 April and 2 May 2006.

148.
Estrada interview.

149.
Cable, Davis to SecState, “Cubans Go Home,” 12 September 1973, and Central Intelligence Bulletin, 13 September 1973, CDP-CIA.

150.
Testimony, Mario García Incháustegui, in Timossi,
Grandes Alamedas
, 99–91.

151.
Timossi interview.

152.
Estrada claims there were close to 100 casualties. See Estrada interview. Oña recalled that ambulances arrived to collect wounded or dead but thinks it was far fewer than 100. Oña interview, 16 December 2004, and conversations with Oña, March–April 2010. On Cuban wounded, see
Bohemia
, 21 September 1973, 46–49.

153.
Fidel Castro, Speech at the Plaza de la Revolución, Havana, 28 September 1973, in Timossi,
Grandes Alamedas
, 191.

154.
Testimonios Chile
, 32, 34, 36.

155.
Ulianova, “La Unidad Popular y el Golpe Militar,” 112.

156.
Quotations from Verdugo,
Interferencia Secreta
, 89–90.

157.
Pinochet as quoted in Soto,
El Ultimo Día
, 112.

158.
Estrada, “Allende’s Death in Combat,” 11.

159.
Telegram, Bennett, U.S. Mission UN, to SecState, 14 September 1973, and Telegram, Olson, Amembassy Freetown, to SecState, 17 September 1973, DOS/CFP.

160.
Estrada, “Allende’s Death in Combat,” 10–11; Estrada Testimony, CMSA; and Estrada interview.

161.
Vázquez and Cubillas interview, 11 September 2005, and Oña interviews, 2004–10.

162.
Ibid., and conversations with Oña, March–April 2010.

163.
“Ruptura de Relaciones Diplomaticas,” 14 September 1973,
Memoria del Ministerio
, AMRE, 41.

164.
Estrada interview.

165.
Marambio,
Armas de Ayer
, 121–76.

166.
CIA Information Report, 21 September 1973, CDP-CIA.

167.
Quiroga,
Compañeros
, 136.

168.
Castro to Honecker, 21 February 1974, as quoted in Skierka,
Castro
, 204.

169.
Alarcón, 17 September 1973, as quoted in Telegram, Scali, U.S. Mission UN, to SecState, 18 September 1973, DOS/CFP.

170.
Telegrams, Amembassy Dar-Es-Salaam to SecState, 14 September 1973, U.S. Mission Berlin to SecState, 15 September 1973, and Volpe, Amembassy Rome, to SecState, 18 September 1973, DOS/CFP; and Situation Report no. 12, DOS Operations Center, “Situation in Chile as of 0700 hours (EDT) Sept. 14, 1973,” 14 September 1973, box 2196/RG59/NARA.

171.
MacEoin,
Struggle for Dignity
, 194–99.

172.
Telegram, SecState to Amembassy, Santiago, “USG Attitude toward Junta,” 12 September 1973, DOS/CFP.

173.
Kissinger, 1 October 1973, as quoted in Kornbluh,
Pinochet File
, 203.

174.
Intelligence Memorandum, “Consequences of a Military Coup in Chile,” 1 August 1973, CDP-CIA

175.
Telegrams, Davis to SecState, “Gen Pinochet’s Request for Meeting with MILGP [Military Group] Officer,” 12 September 1973, and Davis to SecState “Relations with New Chilean Government,” 13 September 1973, DOS/CFP.

176.
Telegram, Davis to SecState, “Gen Pinochet’s Request for Meeting with MILGP Officer,” 12 September 1973.

177.
Garcés and Landau,
Orlando Letelier
, 44–46.

178.
DCI Briefing, Washinton Special Actions Group Meeting, 14 September 1973, CDP-NSC.

179.
Kornbluh,
Pinochet File
, 155, and Record of Conversation, Davis and Pinochet, 12 October 1973, Telegram, Davis to SecState, 12 October 1973, DOS/CFP.

180.
Intelligence Memorandum, “Consequences of a Military Coup in Chile,” 1 August 1973.

181.
“Chile Contingency Paper,” 8 September 1973.

182.
Airgram, Davis to DOS, 12 October 1973, box 2198/RG59/NARA.

183.
Telegram, Davis to SecState, “FMS Sales to FACH,” 15 September 1973, DOS/CFP; and Kornbluh,
Pinochet File
, 203.

184.
Record of Conversation, Hennessy, Weintraub, and Saenz, no date, Telegram, SecState to U.S. Mission, UN, 25 September 1973, DOS/CFP.

185.
Telegram, Davis to SecState, 21 September 1973.

186.
Record of Conversation, Hennessy, Weintraub, and Saenz, no date, Telegram, SecState to U.S. Mission, UN, 25 September 1973.

187.
Record of Conversation, Huerta and Kubisch, 11 October 1973, Telex, Eberhard, Embachile Washington to MRE, 11 October 1973; and Record of Conversation, Huerta and Kissinger, 12 October 1973, Telex, Eberhard to MRE, 12 October 1973, Telex R: 491-/EEUU/1973/AMRE. See also Record of Conversation, Huerta and Kubisch, 11 October 1973, Telegram, SecState to Amembassy Santiago, 12 October 1973, DOS/CFP.

188.
Record of Conversation, Huerta and Kissinger, 12 October 1973.

189.
Record of Conversation, Davis and Pinochet, 12 October 1973.

190.
PL480 allocations dropped to 40 percent in 1975 and 28 percent in 1976. Schoultz,
Beneath the United States
, 360–61.

191.
Kornbluh,
Pinochet File
, 204–6.

192.
Ibid., 212–17, and Dinges,
Condor Years
, 68–71, 101–5.

193.
Dinges,
Condor Years
, 5.

194.
Briefing Paper “Economic Assistance Needs of the Now Government of Chile and Possible Responses,” enclosure, Memorandum Pickering to Scowcroft, 14 September 1973.

195.
Ibid., and Record of Conversation, Davis and Heitman, Ambassador Designate, 27 September 1973, Telegram, Davis to SecState, 28 September 1973, DOS/CFP.

196.
Record of Conversation, Huerta and Kissinger, 12 October 1973.

197.
Record of Conversation, Davis and Pinochet, 18 October 1973, Telegram, Davis to SecState, 18 October 1973, DOS/CFP.

198.
Quotation from Gaspari,
Ditadura Derrotada
, 355.

199.
McSherry,
Predatory States
, 57, and Dinges,
Condor Years
, 264. See also Record of Conversation, Davis and Heitman, 27 September 1973, and Gaspari,
Ditadura Derrotada
, 357–58.

200.
Robin,
Escuadrones de la Muerte: La Escuela Francesa
.

201.
Oficio, Brazilian Embassy, Santiago, to Itamaraty, “Compra de ascensores ATLAS. Dificuldades de crédito,” 17 September 1973, Oficios/Chile 1973 (9)/AMRE-Brasila; and Telegram, Davis to Amembassy Brasilia, 21 September 1973, DOS/CFP.

202.
Telegram, Davis to SecState, 18 September 1973, DOS/CFP.

203.
Telegram, Ernest Siracusa, Amembassy Montevideo, to SecState, 18 September 1973, DOS/CFP.

204.
DIA Intelligence Summary, 15 September 1973, CDP-DOD; and Telegram, Siracusa to SecState, 18 September 1973.

205.
Telegram, Scali to SecState, 10 October 1973, DOS/CFP.

206.
Telegram, SecState to Amembassy Santiago, “Security Council Meeting,” 14 September 1973, DOS/CFP.

207.
Record of Conversation, Davis and Enrique Bernstein, MRE, 15 September 1973, Telegram, Davis to SecState, 15 September 1973, DOS/CFP; and Kornbluh,
Pinochet File
, 206–8.

208.
Record of Conversation, Davis and Pinochet, 18 October 1973.

209.
See, for example, Oficio Sec., Embachile Washington to Señor Ministro, 6 December 1974, Oficios Sec., Res., Conf., E./R./EEUU/1974/AMRE.

210.
Telcon, Kissinger and Nixon, 16 September 1973, box 22/Telcons/NSCF/NPMP.

211.
Telcon, Kissinger and Rush, 13 September 1973, box 22/Telcons/NSCF/NPMP; and Kissinger,
Years of Upheaval
, 411.

212.
Memorandum, Jorden to Kissinger, 16 September 1973, CDP-NSC.

213.
Kornbluh,
Pinochet File
, 222–23.

214.
Airgram, Davis to DOS, 12 October 1973, box 2198/RG59/NARA.

215.
Pinochet as paraphrased in ibid.

216.
Memorandum of Conversation, President Houari Boumedienne, Foreign Minister Bouteflika, Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, Assistant Secretary Joseph Sisco, and Peter Rodman (NSC Staff), the Presidency, Algiers, 13 December 1973, box 1027/NSCF/NPMP.

1.
See for example, Lundestad, “How (Not) to Study the Origins of the Cold War,” 69–75.

2.
See, for example, Joseph and Spenser,
In from the Cold
.

3.
Joseph, “What We Now Know,” in Joseph and Spenser,
In from the Cold
, 3. See also Brands,
Latin America’s Cold War
.

4.
Foreign Ministry Report “Initial Assessment of Comrade Fidel Castro’s Visit to Poland,” 13 June 1972, wiazka 3/13/78/AMSZ.

5.
On Soviet efforts to reassure the United States that the USSR meant no harm to U.S. interests or the Nixon administration’s domestic position when it came to the “sensitive” issue of Cuba, see Dobrynin’s apologies for any inconvenience caused to the United States as a result of a Soviet naval flotilla’s visit to Cuba and his promises that Kosygin’s October 1971 visit to Havana would be “short” and “low profile.” Memorandum of Conversation (U.S.), Kissinger and Dobrynin, 15 October 1971, in Geyer and Selvage,
Soviet-American Relations
, 491–92.

6.
Jova as quoted in Memorandum, Ambassador Marian Renke, Polish Embassy, Havana, to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “Certain Aspects of Cuba’s Situation and Politics on the American Continent,” 15 October 1971, wiazka 5/40/75/AMSZ.

7.
Jaipal,
Non-Alignment
, 100.

8.
Kennan to Acheson, 29 March 1950, in Holden and Zolov,
Latin America and the United Sates
, 195–98.

9.
Walters,
Silent Missions
, 389. This was also the thesis that underscored Ronald Reagan’s Latin American policies in the 1980s and was outlined explicitly in Kirkpatrick, “Dictatorships and Double Standards.”

10.
MRE Study, 13 April 1973, in Uribe,
Black Book
, 138.