Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (190 page)

   battle of,
813
–15

Nashville Convention (1850),
69
,
73
–74,
76
,
86
–87,
234

National Labor Union,
450

Native Americans,
see
Indians

Nativism,
7
,
22
,
32
–33

   growth of, in 1850s,
130
–38

   in 1854 elections,
130
,
138
–39

   in South,
140

   decline of,
144
,
188

   in 1856 election,
154
–56,
158

   and 1860 election,
217
,
221
,
223
,
232
,
See also
American party

   Know Nothings

Navy, Confederate: creation of,
314

   privateers and commerce raiders,
315
–16,
370
,
386
,
546
–48

   ironclad rams,
373
,
377
–78

Navy, Union: organization and mobilization of,
313
–14

   blockade duty,
369
,
378
–82

   coastal operations in 1861,
370
–73

   and ironclads,
374
,
377
–78

   and western river fleets,
392
–93.
See also names of commanders and of naval battles

Nelson, Samuel,
171
–73

New England: education and literacy in,
19
–20

   westward expansion of culture of,
31

   power in Congress during war,
496

   target of copperhead attacks,
593
,
594

   and freedmen's aid societies,
710

New England Emigrant Aid Company,
145
,
147

New Hope Church, battle of,
748

New Market, battle of,
724

New Mexico: acquired by U.S.,
47
,
50

   issue of slavery in,
51
,
106

   and Compromise of 1850,
65
–68,
70
–71,
74
–75

   slavery in,
76
–77

   and statehood proposal in 1861,
256

New Orleans: Union navy captures,
282
,
418
–20,
421
,
422

   illicit trade between the lines,
520
,
623
–24

   Butler's "Woman order,"
551
–52

   wartime reconstruction,
703
–5

New York Times
,
769

   on Kansas-Nebraska Act,
124

   on Fort Sumter crisis,
260

   on abolitionists in 1862,
495

   target of draft rioters,
610

   on southern war prisons,
797

New York Tribune
,
13
,
589

   on fugitive slave law,
85

   on drinking,
135

   on Irish racism,
137

   on nativism,
138

   on Dred Scott decision,
177

   and tariff issue,
192

   publicizes Helper's
Impending Crisis
,
199

   on secession,
244
,
251

   "Forward to Richmond" editorials,
334
,
347

   after 1st Bull Run,
348

   on Union successes in 1862,
403
,
422

   on relaxation of internal security,
436

   on growing influence of Wendell Phillips,
495

   and emancipation,
505

   on black soldiers,
565

   target of draft rioters,
610

   on battle of Fort Wagner,
686

   and "peace negotiations" of 1864,
767

Nicaragua, and filibustering,
112
–15,
203
,
212

Nightingale, Florence,
478
,
479
,
484

Norfolk (Gosport Navy Yard), seized by Virginia militia,
279
–80

   recapture of,
427

Northrop, Lucius B.,
319

Norton, Charles Eliot,
209

Noyes, John Humphrey,
26

Olmsted, Frederick Law,
96
,
481
,
482

Olustee, battle of,
769

Ord, Edward,
522
–23

Order of American Knights,
599
,
763
,
783
–84,
787

Order of the Star Spangled Banner,
135

Order of United Americans,
135

Oregon, and boundary dispute with Britain,
47
,
49
,
53

Ostend Manifesto,
110
,
155

O'Sullivan, John L.,
48

Owsley, Frank L.,
381

Palmerston, Viscount,
551

   on
Uncle Tom's Cabin
,
89

   and question of British recognition of Confederacy,
384
,
554
–56

   and
Trent
crisis,
390

   mediation moves in 1862,
546

   on Butler's "Woman order,"
552

   and Laird rams,
682

   and Kenner mission,
838

Panics, and depressions: of 1837,
27

   of 1857,
188
–92,
449

   in South,
195
–96

   in secession winter,
253

Parker, Ely,
849

Parker, Theodore,
151

   indicts southern culture,
41

   and fugitive slave law,
81
–83,
120

   and John Brown,
204
,
206
,
209

Pasteur, Louis,
486

Patterson, Robert,
335
,
339

Pea Ridge, battle of,
404
–5,
413

Peace Democrats,
see
Copperheads

Peace movements

   and antiwar opposition in Confederacy,
613
–14;
692
–98

   in North, summer 1864,
760
–65

   and "peace negotiations" at Niagara Falls and Richmond,
766
–68

   and pressures on Lincoln,
769
–71

   and Democratic platform,
772

   Hampton Roads conference,
822
–24

Pember, Phoebe,
479
–80n

Pemberton, John C.: in Mexican War,
5

   sides with South,
282

   command of Vicksburg defenses,
576
,
578
,
579

   in Vicksburg campaign of 1863,
626
–38,
646
,
740

   evaluation of,
857

Pendleton, George,
446
,
772

Peninsula campaign,
424
–27,
437
,
454
,
484

   and battle of Seven Pines,
461
–62

   abandonment of,
488
–89.
See also
Seven Days' battles

Pennington, William,
201

Perryville, battle of,
519
–20,
522
,
561
,
676

   consequences of,
858

Personal liberty laws,
40
,
65

   before 1850,
78
–79

   after 1850,
120
,
139

   as issue in secession crisis,
251
,
256

Peterhoff
, case of, and blockade,
387

Petersburg: Union attacks on,
740
–41

   siege of,
757
,
756
,
820

   battle of the Crater,
758
–60

   operations around,
777
–78,
780
,
844

   Union breakthrough and capture,
845
–46

Phelan, James,
612

Phillips, Ulrich B.,
97

Phillips, Wendell: and fugitive slave law,
82
,
120

   on Lincoln,
227

   growing influence of,
495

   on reconstruction as revolution,
700
–701,
705

   supports Frémont's 1864 candidacy,
716

Pickens, Francis,
267
,
271
–72

Pickett, George E.: in Mexican War,
5

   at Gettysburg,
656
,
661
–63,
664
,
678