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John took the cross.—Stubbs,
Constitutional History
, chap. XII, quoting Walter of Coventry.

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Richard of Cornwall.—Joinville, Matthew Paris, Continues of William of Tyre, Mills, Vol. II, chap. V.
Also DNB
.

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William Longsword.—
Ibid
.

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Simon de Montfort called Joshua.—In the “Song of Lewes,” in
Political Songs of England from the Reign of John to that of Edward II
, ed. Thomas Wright, Camden Society, London, 1839.

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“A drum filled with wind.” The Moslem poet was Essahib Giémal-Edden Ben-Matroub who composed verses on the departure of the French king.—Bohn’s
Chronicles
, Appendix, p. 554.

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Edward’s crusade.—Archer and Kingsford, chap. XXV; Mills, Vol. II, chap. VI; Fuller,
Holy Warre
, Book 4, chap. 29.

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Sir Joseph de Caney.—A
Crusader’s Letter from the Holy Land
, PPTS, 1890.

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Grand Master of the Templars.—
Historians’ History of the World
, published by Encyclopaedia Britannica, 26 vols. and index, Vol. VIII, chap. VI.

Works Consulted for Chapter V

BROOKE, STOPFORD A.
, History of Early English Literature, London, 1892.
Cambridge History of English Literature
, Vol. I, chap. VII, “From Alfred to the Conquest,” Vol. IV, chap. II, “The Authorized Version and Its Influence.”

COULTON, G. G.
, Chaucer and His England, London, 1937.

CRAWFORD, S
.
J.
, The Old English Version of the Heptateuch, Aelfric’s Treatise on the Old and New Testaments and His Preface to Genesis, EETS, London, 1922.

DAICHES, DAVID
, The King James Version of the Bible, Chicago, 1941.

FOXE, JOHN
,
Actes and Monuments
, ed. Townsend and Cattley, 8 vols., London, 1839.

FULLER, THOMAS
,
Church History of Britain
, ed. J. S. Brewer, 6 vols., Oxford, 1845.

GAIRDNER, JAMES
, Lollardy and the Reformation, 2 vols., London, 1908. The English Church in the 16th Century, London, 1902.

HALL, EDWARD
,
Chronicle Containing the History of England
, 1548, printed for J. Johnson, 4 vols., London, 1809.

HENSON, HERBERT H.
, “Bible, English” in Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th ed.

HOARE, H. W
., Evolution of the English Bible, London, 1901.

PENNIMAN, JOSIAH H.
, A Book About the English Bible, New York, 1919.

POLLARD, A. W
., Records of the English Bible, Oxford, 1911.

SKEAT, REV. WALTER
, Aelfric’s Lives of the Saints, EETS, London, 1900.

STRYPE, JOHN
, Memorials of Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, 1694, Oxford, 1848–54.

TREVELYAN, GEORGE MACAULEY
, England in the Age of Wycliffe, London, 1899.

WESTCOTT, B. F
., History of the English Bible, rev. ed., New York, 1916.

WHITE, CAROLINE L.
, Aelfric, A New Study of his Life and Writings, Yale, 1898.

Notes to Chapter V

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Henry’s Proclamation.—Foxe, V, 167.

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Arnold.—“Hebraism and Hellenism,” chap. IV of
Culture and Anarchy
, 1869.

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Huxley.—Quoted
Cambridge Lit.
, IV, 48–49.

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Powys
.—Enjoyment of Literature
, New York, 1938.

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Anglo-Israel movement.—First formulated in 1794 by Richard Brothers, the Anglo-Israel movement attracted to itself over the next hundred years nearly two million followers in England and the United States dedicated to the proposition that the Anglo-Saxon people were in reality the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel (as distinct from the Jews representing the remaining
tribe of Judah). Starting from the assumption that Jeremiah meant Britain when he referred to the “isles afar off,” the theory was stuck together from bits and pieces of Biblical phrases, twisted out of context and mixed with scraps of pseudophilology based on the similarity of words and sounds. ‘British’ is derived from the Hebrew ‘Berit’ meaning ‘covenant’ and ‘ish’ meaning ‘man’—ergo, ‘man of the Covenant’; the Saxons were said to be ‘Isaac’s sons.’ Brothers, who claimed he was a direct descendant of David and should replace George III on the throne, was arrested for treason but judged insane. Notable expressions of the theory are: Richard Brothers,
A Correct Account of the Invasion of England by the Saxons, Showing the English Nation to be the Ten Lost Tribes
, London, 1822; J. Wilson,
Our Israelitish Origin
, 1845; Edward Hine,
Identification of the British Nation with Lost Israel
, 1871.
Also
the following periodicals,
The Nation’s Glory Leader, weekly
(irregular), 1875–80;
Our Race
, quarterly, 1890–1900;
The Watchman of Israel
, monthly, 1918–.

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Gladstone.—Introduction to Sheppard’s Pictorial Bible.

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Lloyd George.—Weizmann,
Trial and Error
, New York, 1949, p. 152.

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Ruskin.—
Praeterita
, London, 1885, p. 1.

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Wyclif Bible, 170 mss.—Penniman.

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“Our bishops damn and burn.…”—Trevelyan’s
Age of Wycliffe
.

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Archbishop Arundel.—ibid.

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De Heretico Comburendo.—Ibid.

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John de Trevisa.—Fuller, II, 381.

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Cost of Wyclif Bibles.—Coulton, p. 99.

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Load of Hay.—Foxe, IV, 218.

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Translations in Saxon times.—Penniman.

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Bede on Caedmon
.—Cambridge Lit.
, Vol. 1, chap. VII.
Also
Penniman.

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Abraham and Exodus. — Translated by Stopford Brooke.

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Aelfric.—Caroline White, S. J. Crawford.
Also Cambridge Lit.
, I, chap. VII, 136 ff.

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Esther and Maccabees.—Skeat.

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Judith.—Brooke.
Also Cambridge Lit.
, I, chap. VII.

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“Boy that dryveth ye plough.”—Foxe, V, 117.

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Roger Bacon on Hebrew.—Daiches.

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Constantine’s dialogue with More.—Hall’s
Chronicle
, pp. 762–63.

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Anthony Marler.—Westcott, p. 78.

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Burning of Tyndale’s translation.— Foxe, V, 114–34.

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Clergy’s petition of 1534.—Penniman.

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William Maldon’s story.—Quoted by Pollard.

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Henry burns three Lutherans and three papists.—Gardner’s
Lollardy
, II, 289.

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Luther on Squire Harry.—Letters and Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII, XV, 737.

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“… in your open Tavernes.”—Pollard.

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Porter’s preaching and death.—Foxe, V, 451.

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Act of Parliament forbidding Bible to be read aloud.—Gairdner’s
Lollardy
.

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Dr. Taylor’s death at the stake.—Foxe, VI, 677.

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Latimer’s last words.—Foxe, VII, 550.

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Caution to editors of Bishops’ Bible.—Pollard.

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Revisers of the King James Version.—Westcott, Pollard, Henson.

Works Consulted for Chapter VI

BENT, J
.
T.
, Early Voyages and Travels in the Levant, Hakluyt Society, 1893.

CHEW, SAMUEL C
., The Crescent and the Rose; Islam and England During the Renaissance, Oxford University Press, New York, 1937.

CUNNINGHAM, WILLIAM
, Growth of English Industry and Commerce, 3 vols., Cambridge, 1892.

FOSTER, SIR WILLIAM
, English Quest of Eastern Trade, London, 1933.

HAKLUYT, RICHARD
,
The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation
, 12 vols., ed. MacLehose, Glasgow, 1903. Vol. V, 167–328, contains “The Renuing and Increasing of An Ancient and Commodious Trade into Diverse Places in the Levant” which includes many of the letters and transactions between the Queen and the Company as well as Harborne’s reports and other documents covering the history of the Company from 1579 to 1585. Vol. VI, 73–104, covers the Second Levant Charter and Sir Edward Barton’s first mission.

HOLINSHED, RAPHAEL
, Chronicles of England and Scotland, 1577, 6 vols., London, 1807–8.

LITHGOW, WILLIAM
, Relation of the Travels of … in Candy, Greece, the Holy Land, Egypt and other parts of the East. In Purchas, His Pilgrimes (q.v.) X, 447–92.

MORISON, FYNES
, An Itinerary Containing his ten Yeeres travel, 1617, ed. MacLehose, 4 vols., Glasgow, 1907.

PURCHAS, SAMUEL
, Hakluytus Posthumous or Purchas, His Pilgrimes, Contayning a History of the World in Sea Voyages and Lande Travells by Englishmen and Others, 1625, ed. MacLehose, 20 vols., Glasgow, 1905–7.

ROSEDALE, H. G.
, Queen Elizabeth and the Levant Company, London, 1904.

ROWLAND, ALBERT L.
, England and Turkey; the Rise of Diplomatic and Commercial Relations, University of Pennsylvania, 1924.

ROWSE, A. L.
, The England of Elizabeth, London, 1950.

S ANDERSON, JOHN
,
Travels of … in the Levant, 1584–160
2, ed. Sir William Foster, Hakluyt Society, 2d series, Vol. LXVII, London, 1931.

SANDYS, GEORGE
, A Relation of a Journey begun an. dom. 1610 containing a description of the Turkish Empire, Aegypt, the Holy Land … 1615. In Purchas, His Pilgrimes (q.v.) VIII, 89–248.

TIMBERLAKE, HENRY
, A True and Strange Discourse of the Travaile’s of two English Pilgrims, 1603, in Two Journeys to Jerusalem, printed for Nathaniel Crouch, London, 1704.

UNWIN, GEORGE
,
Studies in Economic History
, Royal Economic Society, 1927, chap. V, “The Merchant Adventurers’ Company in the Reign of Elizabeth.”

WILLIAMSON JAMES A.
, Maritime Enterprise, 1485–1558, Oxford. 1913. The Age of Drake, London, 1938.

WOOD, ALFRED C.
, A History of the Levant Company, Oxford University, 1935.

Notes to Chapter VI

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“Stirrers abroad.”—
Epistle Dedicatorie
, Hakluyt, I, xviii.

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Purchas on pilgrimages.—Purchas, IX, 478.

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Ascribing sanctity to a place is Jewish.—Purchas, VIII, 19.

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“Divers tall ships of London.…”—Hakluyt’s “The Antiquitie of the trade with English ships into the Levant,” from
Voyages and Travels
, ed. C. R. Beazley, 2 vols., II, 181.

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Knolles on Lepanto.—
Generall Historie of the Turkes
, 1604, ed. Sir Paul Rycaut, 1700.

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Lafuente.—Quoted in Historians’ History of the World, IX, 475.

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Bonfires burned on news of Lepanto victory.—Holinshed, IV, 262.

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Lecky on defeat of the Armada.—
History of Rationalism
, II, 320.

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“Inquisition dogs.”—Tennyson’s “The Revenge.”

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Staper’s tombstone.—Rosedale.

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Walsingham.—
State Papers Domestic
, Elizabeth, Vol. CXLIV, No. 7.

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Charter of 1581.—Hakluyt, V, 192.

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Three mastifs and other gifts for the Sultan.—
Ibid
, 243.

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Nash on Harborne.—Wood.

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Levant Company’s earnings.—Hakluyt, V, 167–328, passim.

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Consulate opened at Aleppo.—
Ibid
.

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Cargo of “rawe silks.”—Rosedale.

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Cotton weaving in Lancashire.—Rowse, p. 147.

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Coffee drinking among the Turks.—Sandys in Purchas, VIII, 89–248.

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Venetian ambassador on Elizabeth.—
Calendar State Papers
, Vol. VIII, No. 994.

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Snowball hits the French ambassador.—Rowland.

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“Stipendiary of merchants.”—Wood.

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Barton’s whores.—Sanderson.

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“A most wicked people.”—Letter from Staper,
State Papers Domestic
, James I, Vol. XV, No. 4.

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“This happy Porte.”—Quoted in Rowland.

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Bacon’s Holy War
.—Works
, III, 477, eds. Spedding, Ellis, and Heath, 7 vols., London, 1857–74.

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Biddulph.—Purchas, VIII, 248.

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Heywood’s
English Traveller.—
Act I, Scene 1,
Dramatic Works
, 6 vols., London, 1879.

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Fynes Morison.—
Itinerary
, II, 1.

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Hakluyt on Jews.—Hakluyt, V, 271.

Works Consulted for Chapter VII

ARNOLD, MATTHEW
,
Culture and Anarchy
, chap. IV, “Hebraism and Hellenism,” London, 1869.

BARDSLEY, CHARLES W
., Curiosities of Puritan Nomenclature, London, 1888.

Cambridge History of English Literature
, Vol. VII, chap. VIII, “Scholars and Scholarship, 1600–60,” by Professor Foster Watson.

CARLYLE, THOMAS
, Oliver Cromwell’s Letters and Speeches, 3 vols., 1884, Boston.

CROUCH, NATHANIEL
(alias of Robert Burton), Two Journeys to Jerusalem and Memorable Remarks Upon the Ancient and Modern State of the Jewish Nation, etc., London, 1704, (first published 1683).

FIRTH, SIR CHARLES
, Cromwell’s Army, London, 1902. Oliver Cromwell and the Rule of the Puritans in England, London, 1900.

GARDINER, SAMUEL RAWSON
, History of England, 1603–42, 10 vols., 1885–1900. History of the Great Civil War, 1642–49,4 vols., 1901. History of the Commonwealth and Protectorate, 1649–60, 3 vols., 3d ed., 1901.

GRAETZ, HEINRICH
,
History of the Jews
, Vol. V, chap. II, “Settlement of the Jews in England and Manasseh ben Israel.”

MACAULAY, T. B.
,
History of England
, 5 vols., Philadelphia, 1861.

MARSDEN., J. B.
, History of the Early Puritans to 1642, London, 1850.

MASSON, D.
,
Life of John Milton
, 6 vols., Cambridge, 1859–80, index vol., 1894.

MORLEY, JOHN
, Life of Oliver Cromwell, 1900.

NEAL, DANIEL
, History of the Puritans, or the Rise, Principles and Sufferings of the Protestant Dissenters, 5 vols., new ed., London, 1822.

OSTERMAN, NATHAN
, The Controversy Over the Proposed Readmission of the Jews to England, Jewish Social Studies, July 1941.

PATENKIN, DON
, Mercantilism and the Readmission of the Jews to England, Jewish Social Studies, July 1946.

PRYNNE, WILLIAM
,
A Short Demurrer to the J ewes Long Discontinued Barred Remitter into England
, 1656.

ROTH, CECIL
, A
History of the Marranos
, Jewish Publishing Society of America, Philadelphia, 1947, chaps. IX and X, “The Dutch Jerusalem” and “Resettlement in England.”
Life of Manasseh ben Israel
, Philadelphia, 1934.

SELBIE
,
W. B
., “The Influence of the Old Testament on Puritanism” in
The Legacy of Israel
, eds. E. A. Bevan and C. Singer, 1927.

TREVELYAN, GEORGE MACAULAY
,
England Under the Stuarts
, rev. ed., London, 1938.

WILLIAMS, ROGER
,
The Bloudy Tenent of Persecution
 …, 1644, ed. E. B. Underhill, Hansard Knollys Society, London, 1848.

WOLF, LUCIEN
, Manasseh ben Israel’s Mission to Oliver Cromwell, Jewish Historical Society, London, 1901. Contains full text of The Hope of Israel, the Humble Address, and the Vindiciae Judaeorum.

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