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Authors: Melinda Tankard Reist,Abigail Bray
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Big Porn Inc: Exposing the Harms of the Global Pornography Industry (16 page)
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Violence against women is a human rights violation, yet the industry that fuels the production and distribution of pornography continues unabated in the denigration of women and the indirect facilitation of the most heinous of crimes. Meta-analyses of published research show consistent and reliable evidence that exposure to explicitly violent as well as so-called non-violent pornography has a direct influence on gender violence. This is true not only for adults, but also minors. In one study, an overwhelming majority (97%) of juvenile sex offenders disclosed their involvement with pornography (Wieckowski et al., 1998). It has also been demonstrated that juvenile sex offenders who consume pornography have a greater propensity to engage in rape, forced oral or digital penetration, verbal aggression, exhibitionism and bestiality (Alexy et al., 2009). In fact, research into developmental harm from pornography exposure is so conclusive, that the empirical literature now considers it to be beyond question (Oddone–Paolucci et al., 2000).
Juvenile sex crime victims are also exposed to pornography by perpetrators in an endeavour to normalise sexual behaviours and facilitate subsequent grooming. Research studies conducted with child sex offenders (convicted for indecent assault, rape and buggery) have repeatedly found pornography to be used as part of the crime, with prevalence rates ranging from 33% (Elliot et al., 1995) to 55% (Langevin and Curnoe, 2004). Yet just as sex offenders groom their victims, so it appears the pornography industry inconspicuously grooms consumers. With pornography gaining unrestricted access into the homes and minds of ordinary people, more than at any other time in human history, unsuspecting consumers are undeniably conditioned. Therefore, it is reprehensible for policy makers to remain idle on the issue of pornography. Based on the empirical research reviewed in this chapter, it could well be argued that to produce, distribute, consume, or even passively condone pornography, is to endorse sexual violence against women. The discrepancy between the sex industry’s spin about ‘sexual freedom’ and our actual human liberty is so great that it is legitimate to suggest Legman’s ideology has ultimately become ‘Make war not love’.
Bibliography
Alexy, Eileen, Ann Burgess and Robert Prentky (2009) ‘Pornography use as a risk marker for an aggressive pattern of behavior among sexually reactive children and adolescents’
Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association
14 (6), pp. 442–453.
American Psychiatric Association (2000)
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR)
. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, New Delhi.
Bandura, Allan (1977)
Social Learning Theory
. General Learning Press, New York.
Bridges, Ana, Robert Wosnitzer, Erica Scharrer, Chyng Sun and Rachel Liberman (2010) ‘Aggression and sexual behaviour in best selling pornography videos: A content analysis update’
Violence Against Women
16 (10), pp. 1065–1085.
Cline, Victor (2001) ‘Pornography’s Effects on Adults and Children’
Morality in Media
, pp. 3–4, <
http://www.obscenitycrimes.org/cline_unabridged.pdf
> (accessed 13 December, 2010).
Dèttore, Davide and Alberto Giannelli (2008) ‘Explorative survey on the level of online sexual activities and sexual paraphilias’ Abstracts of the 9th Conference of the European Federation of Sexology 17 (1), S15–S15.
Elliott, Michelle, Kevin Browne and Jennifer Kilcoyne (1995) ‘Child Sexual Abuse Prevention: What Offenders Tell Us’
Child Abuse and Neglect
19 (5), pp. 579–594.
Hucker, Stephen (2010) ‘Forensic Psychiatry: Paraphilias’. Law and Mental Health Program, University of Toronto, <
http://www.forensicpsychiatry.ca/paraphilia/overview.htm
> (accessed 8 December, 2010).
Itzin, Catherine (2002) ‘Pornography and the construction of misogyny’
Journal of Sexual Aggression
8 (3) pp. 4–42.
Jong, Erica, Jeffrey Escoffier and Fred McDarrah (2003)
Sexual Revolution
. Thunder’s Mouth Press, New York.
Kingston, Drew, Paul Fedoroff, Philip Firestone, Susan Curry and John Bradford (2008) ‘Pornography use and sexual aggression: The impact of frequency and type of pornography use on recidivism among sexual offenders’
Aggressive Behavior
34 (4) pp. 341–351.
Landesman, Jay (1999) Gershon Legman (d.1999).
The Independent (London)
, <
http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-gershon-legman-1083016.html
> (accessed 13 December, 2010).
Langevin, Ron and Suzanne Curnoe (2004) ‘Use of pornography during the commission of sexual offenses’
International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology
48, (5) pp. 572–586.
Marcuse, Herbert (1964/1994)
One-dimensional Man: Studies in ideology of advanced industrial society
. Routledge, London.
Marshall, William (2000) ‘Revisiting the use of pornography by sexual offenders: Implications for theory and practice’
Journal of Sexual Aggression
6 (1/2) pp. 67–77.
Oddone-Paolucci, Elizabeth, Mark Genius and Claudio Violato (2000) ‘A meta-analysis of the published research on the effects of pornography’
Medicine, Mind and Adolescence
7 (1/2) pp. 101–112.
Pavlov, Ivan (1927/1960)
Conditional Reflexes
. Dover Publications, New York.
Peters, Robert (2009) ‘How adult pornography contributes to sexual exploitation of children’
Morality in Media
, pp. 1–215, <
http://www.obscenitycrimes.org/news/HowAdultPornographyHarmsChildren.pdf
> (accessed 13 December, 2010).
Skinner, Burrhus (1953)
Science and human behavior
. Macmillan, Oxford.
Struthers, William (2009)
Wired for intimacy: How pornography hijacks the male brain
. IVP Books, Downers Grove (Illinois).
US Attorney General’s commission on pornography (1986), <
http://www.porn-report.com/
> (accessed 8 December, 2010).
Waltman, Max (2008) ‘Rethinking Democracy: Pornography and Sex Inequality’ (University of Michigan Law School) Paper presented at the Western Political Science Association (WPSA) San Diego, pp. 1–41.
Wieckowski, Edward, Peggy Hartsoe, Arthur Mayer and Joianne Shortz (1998). ‘Deviant sexual behaviour in children and young adolescents: Frequency and patterns’
Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment
10 (4) pp. 293–303.
Wikipedia, the free Encyclopaedia (2010)
List of pornographic sub-genres: Fetish
, <
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pornographic_sub-genres
> (accessed 8 December, 2010).
___________________________
1
A complex neurochemical interplay (incorporating Serotonin, Norepinephrine, Oxytocin and Vasopressin) with Dopamine (the primary neurotransmitter that most addictive drugs release) ultimately terminating in the Nucleus Accumbens (the brain’s pleasure centre).
2
A list of reports and articles highlighting the progression from pornography to delinquent interests can be found in Peters, 2009, pp. 11–13.
3
A comprehensive outline of sexual paraphilia as recognised in forensic psychiatry is reported in Hucker (2010); a parallel outline of pornographic sub-genres is published by Wikipedia.
4
A summary of studies and findings can be found in Bridges et al. (2010).
5
Theories developed and made popular by Ivan Pavlov (1927/1960), Burrhus Skinner (1953) and Alan Bandura (1977).
6
Of course, the signs of approval are required of the women appearing in pornography.
Juvenile sex crime victims are also exposed to pornography by perpetrators in an endeavour to normalise sexual behaviours and facilitate subsequent grooming. Research studies conducted with child sex offenders (convicted for indecent assault, rape and buggery) have repeatedly found pornography to be used as part of the crime, with prevalence rates ranging from 33% (Elliot et al., 1995) to 55% (Langevin and Curnoe, 2004). Yet just as sex offenders groom their victims, so it appears the pornography industry inconspicuously grooms consumers. With pornography gaining unrestricted access into the homes and minds of ordinary people, more than at any other time in human history, unsuspecting consumers are undeniably conditioned. Therefore, it is reprehensible for policy makers to remain idle on the issue of pornography. Based on the empirical research reviewed in this chapter, it could well be argued that to produce, distribute, consume, or even passively condone pornography, is to endorse sexual violence against women. The discrepancy between the sex industry’s spin about ‘sexual freedom’ and our actual human liberty is so great that it is legitimate to suggest Legman’s ideology has ultimately become ‘Make war not love’.
Bibliography
Alexy, Eileen, Ann Burgess and Robert Prentky (2009) ‘Pornography use as a risk marker for an aggressive pattern of behavior among sexually reactive children and adolescents’
Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association
14 (6), pp. 442–453.
American Psychiatric Association (2000)
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR)
. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, New Delhi.
Bandura, Allan (1977)
Social Learning Theory
. General Learning Press, New York.
Bridges, Ana, Robert Wosnitzer, Erica Scharrer, Chyng Sun and Rachel Liberman (2010) ‘Aggression and sexual behaviour in best selling pornography videos: A content analysis update’
Violence Against Women
16 (10), pp. 1065–1085.
Cline, Victor (2001) ‘Pornography’s Effects on Adults and Children’
Morality in Media
, pp. 3–4, <
http://www.obscenitycrimes.org/cline_unabridged.pdf
> (accessed 13 December, 2010).
Dèttore, Davide and Alberto Giannelli (2008) ‘Explorative survey on the level of online sexual activities and sexual paraphilias’ Abstracts of the 9th Conference of the European Federation of Sexology 17 (1), S15–S15.
Elliott, Michelle, Kevin Browne and Jennifer Kilcoyne (1995) ‘Child Sexual Abuse Prevention: What Offenders Tell Us’
Child Abuse and Neglect
19 (5), pp. 579–594.
Hucker, Stephen (2010) ‘Forensic Psychiatry: Paraphilias’. Law and Mental Health Program, University of Toronto, <
http://www.forensicpsychiatry.ca/paraphilia/overview.htm
> (accessed 8 December, 2010).
Itzin, Catherine (2002) ‘Pornography and the construction of misogyny’
Journal of Sexual Aggression
8 (3) pp. 4–42.
Jong, Erica, Jeffrey Escoffier and Fred McDarrah (2003)
Sexual Revolution
. Thunder’s Mouth Press, New York.
Kingston, Drew, Paul Fedoroff, Philip Firestone, Susan Curry and John Bradford (2008) ‘Pornography use and sexual aggression: The impact of frequency and type of pornography use on recidivism among sexual offenders’
Aggressive Behavior
34 (4) pp. 341–351.
Landesman, Jay (1999) Gershon Legman (d.1999).
The Independent (London)
, <
http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-gershon-legman-1083016.html
> (accessed 13 December, 2010).
Langevin, Ron and Suzanne Curnoe (2004) ‘Use of pornography during the commission of sexual offenses’
International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology
48, (5) pp. 572–586.
Marcuse, Herbert (1964/1994)
One-dimensional Man: Studies in ideology of advanced industrial society
. Routledge, London.
Marshall, William (2000) ‘Revisiting the use of pornography by sexual offenders: Implications for theory and practice’
Journal of Sexual Aggression
6 (1/2) pp. 67–77.
Oddone-Paolucci, Elizabeth, Mark Genius and Claudio Violato (2000) ‘A meta-analysis of the published research on the effects of pornography’
Medicine, Mind and Adolescence
7 (1/2) pp. 101–112.
Pavlov, Ivan (1927/1960)
Conditional Reflexes
. Dover Publications, New York.
Peters, Robert (2009) ‘How adult pornography contributes to sexual exploitation of children’
Morality in Media
, pp. 1–215, <
http://www.obscenitycrimes.org/news/HowAdultPornographyHarmsChildren.pdf
> (accessed 13 December, 2010).
Skinner, Burrhus (1953)
Science and human behavior
. Macmillan, Oxford.
Struthers, William (2009)
Wired for intimacy: How pornography hijacks the male brain
. IVP Books, Downers Grove (Illinois).
US Attorney General’s commission on pornography (1986), <
http://www.porn-report.com/
> (accessed 8 December, 2010).
Waltman, Max (2008) ‘Rethinking Democracy: Pornography and Sex Inequality’ (University of Michigan Law School) Paper presented at the Western Political Science Association (WPSA) San Diego, pp. 1–41.
Wieckowski, Edward, Peggy Hartsoe, Arthur Mayer and Joianne Shortz (1998). ‘Deviant sexual behaviour in children and young adolescents: Frequency and patterns’
Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment
10 (4) pp. 293–303.
Wikipedia, the free Encyclopaedia (2010)
List of pornographic sub-genres: Fetish
, <
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pornographic_sub-genres
> (accessed 8 December, 2010).
___________________________
1
A complex neurochemical interplay (incorporating Serotonin, Norepinephrine, Oxytocin and Vasopressin) with Dopamine (the primary neurotransmitter that most addictive drugs release) ultimately terminating in the Nucleus Accumbens (the brain’s pleasure centre).
2
A list of reports and articles highlighting the progression from pornography to delinquent interests can be found in Peters, 2009, pp. 11–13.
3
A comprehensive outline of sexual paraphilia as recognised in forensic psychiatry is reported in Hucker (2010); a parallel outline of pornographic sub-genres is published by Wikipedia.
4
A summary of studies and findings can be found in Bridges et al. (2010).
5
Theories developed and made popular by Ivan Pavlov (1927/1960), Burrhus Skinner (1953) and Alan Bandura (1977).
6
Of course, the signs of approval are required of the women appearing in pornography.
Meagan Tyler
Pornography as Sexual Authority: How Sex Therapy Promotes the Pornification of Sexuality
Pornography is increasingly infiltrating various aspects of our lives. Most often in discussing this ‘pornification’ (Paul, 2005), we raise examples that we can easily see and recognise: fashion, art, advertising, television shows, movies. But pornography is also infiltrating areas which are not so obvious in everyday, public life, from the business practices of global corporations (Davies and Wonke, 2000; Lane, 2000; Rich, 2001) to the sex practices of our intimate relationships (Dines, 2010; Häggström-Nordin et al., 2005; Paul, 2005; Tydén and Rogala, 2003, 2004). These public and private processes of pornification not only involve the increasing exposure and influence of the pornography industry but also its increasing legitimacy. One of the most prominent ways in which pornography is now presented as legitimate is in the area of sex therapy. In sex therapy today, pornography is deemed to be not just an acceptable part of everyday sexual practice, but an ideal model of sexuality for people to imitate. This is pornography being presented as the ultimate sexual authority and it poses serious harms to women’s equality.
The recommendation of pornography can be found in many sex self-help books, even those written by well-known and respected sex therapists (see for example Heiman and LoPiccolo, 1992; Morrissey, 2005; Zillbergeld, 1993). Pornography is most often recommended as an aide for couples. According to therapists Striar and Bartlik, writing on the use of ‘erotica’ in sex therapy, pornography should be seen as a way of “adding diversity to a monogamous relationship” (Striar and Bartlik, 1999, p. 61). In particular, they state that it can be beneficial for “couples with incompatible sexual fantasies” (p. 61). This is one of the most common ways in which pornography is introduced as part of sex therapy. Pornography is used “to introduce a partner to a new mode of sexual experience that he or she might find otherwise distasteful or unacceptable” (p. 61). In cases such as this, pornography, under the guidance of therapists, is promoted as a tool to be used when trying to convince an unwilling partner to perform a sex act that they do not wish to engage in.
The idea that women should ‘experiment’ and perform sex acts that they do not want to has become a popular model for women’s sexual behaviour in heterosexual relationships since the ‘sexual revolution’ of the 1960s. It is an idea frequently reinforced and legitimated through sex therapy (see Jeffreys, 1990). Women are still encouraged by therapists to sexually fulfill their male partners, even if they have no desire to do so, or experience pain or discomfort (Tyler, 2008). For example, in the widely recommended self-help manual for women
Becoming Orgasmic
, therapists Heiman and LoPiccolo encourage women to try anal sex (an increasingly ubiquitous sex practice in pornography) if a male partner is interested in it. The advice from the therapists is: “If any discomfort does occur, try again some other time” (Heiman and LoPiccolo, 1992, p. 187). The central premise is that pain and discomfort for women are not acceptable reasons for discontinuing a sexual practice, but, rather, are reasons for women to undergo further ‘training’, ‘modelling’ and coercion. Instead of understanding that using pornography as a coercive strategy is harmful, sexologists extol pornography’s virtues, stating for example that it is useful for “giving the viewer permission to model the behavior” (Striar and Bartlik, 1999, p. 61).
Exactly what type of behaviour women are expected to model from pornography further exposes the way in which the promotion and legitimation of pornography in sex therapy poses harms to women’s equality. Even at the most respectable end of therapist-recommended pornography, sadomasochistic practices and acts such as double penetration, or DP as it is known in the porn industry, can be easily found. Take for example, the Sinclair Intimacy Institute, run by a “well known and respected sexologist, Dr Mark Schoen” (Black, 2006, p. 117). It consists mainly of an online store that sells therapist-recommended pornography. On the Institute’s Website, customers are assured that the pornography available is reviewed and approved by therapists who choose only “high quality sex positive productions” (Sinclair Intimacy Institute, 2007a, n.p.). Among the list of “sex positive productions” are the mainstream pornography titles
The New Devil in Miss Jones, Jenna Loves Pain
, and
Deepthroat
.
The choice of
Deepthroat
is particularly revealing given the amount of publicity surrounding the circumstances of its production. Linda Marchiano (Linda Lovelace at the time of filming) detailed her extensive abuse at the hands of her husband and pimp in her book
Ordeal
, explaining how she was forced, sometimes at gun point to perform in pornography (Lovelace, 1980). She once stated that: “every time someone watches that film, they are watching me being raped” (quoted in Dworkin, 1981). That such a film is labelled ‘sex positive’ by therapists should be serious cause for concern. But
Deepthoat
is not an isolated case.
The New Devil in Miss Jones
and
Jenna Loves Pain
both received rave reviews in the prominent US porn industry magazine
Adult Video News
. The editors of
Adult Video News
(
AVN
) gave
Miss Jones
a glowing recommendation, stating: “The sex is universally good and downright edgy, with piercing, double penetration and flogging in the closing scene …” (Pike-Johnson, 2005b, n.p.). Keep in mind, these are titles recommended for couples to watch and then model their behaviour on.
Jenna Loves Pain
, as if the title is not problematic enough, also received a hearty endorsement from
AVN
. Readers were informed that the title contained not only mild sadomasochism but that “
Jenna Loves Pain
raises the bar for what is possible in pure BDSM titles” (Ramone, 2005b, n.p.). To be clear, we are talking about fetish titles which contain acts of bondage, discipline and sadomasochism (BDSM), and sadly therapists do actually expect women to model this BDSM behaviour. Striar and Bartlik, for example, inform their fellow therapists that accessories to facilitate domination and submission fantasies such as “whips, restraints and blindfolds” (1999, p. 61) should be recommended to clients and can easily be found in sex stores.
The promotion of domination, submission, and other sadomasochist practices can even be found in therapist-endorsed ‘sex education’ videos. The Sinclair Intimacy Institute produces and distributes some of the most well known titles in the sex education genre. According to Dr Judy Seifer, one of the therapists involved in developing the Institute’s
Better Sex
series, couples should use the videos “like a textbook. Stop the tape; freeze the frame, like re-reading a chapter” (quoted in Eberwein, 1999, p. 193). This ‘textbook’, however, contains many, if not all, of the stereotypical conventions of mainstream pornography (Eberwein, 1999), including themes of BDSM.
The promotion of sadomasochism in sex education videos is particularly obvious in the Institute’s
Better Sex
Kits which include videos and also sex toys. One kit is titled ‘Smart Maid’. Potential customers are told via the Website that: “Dressing up and looking sexy for your partner is part of any healthy relationship …” (Sinclair Intimacy Institute, 2007b). The dressing up, however, is only expected of women: the kits offer no outfits for men. In this particular instance, women are supposed to dress up in an “upstairs maid costume”. The sexual excitement that men are expected to experience from a woman’s servitude is highlighted in the accompanying details: “At your service! Playful and sexy fantasies will come alive when she wears this sheer maids [sic] set” (Sinclair Intimacy Institute, 2007b). Themes of dominance and submission are also obvious in the ‘Tie Me Up, Tie Me Down’ kit, which includes “Japanese wrist and ankle cuffs” in addition to a leather blindfold. The accompanying photograph for the kit,
rather unsurprisingly, shows a woman modelling the so-called educational BDSM wear (Sinclair Intimacy Institute, 2007c).
The promotion of pornography in sex therapy, however, only explains part of how pornography is increasingly seen as an authority on sexual matters. As a consequence of the legitimacy that sex therapists have afforded pornography over the years – holding it up as an ideal model on which to base heterosexual sex – porn stars are increasingly being positioned as ‘sex experts’. For example, in the 1999 collection
Sex Tips: Advice from women experts around the world
edited by Australian sex therapist Jo-Anne Baker, porn stars, sadomasochist practitioners and prostituted women appear alongside therapists as the designated ‘experts’ (Baker, 1999). Also in keeping with this trend, a number of men’s magazines in the UK and US have revamped their sex advice sections to feature porn stars instead of sex therapists (Attwood, 2005, p. 85;
mediabistro.com
, 2007a, 2007b).
Some porn stars and prostituted women have even begun to release their own sex advice literature. Recent titles include:
How to Have A XXX Sex Life
(Anderson and Berman, 2004), which is based on advice from women who are contracted to the Vivid pornography production company in the United States;
Sex Secrets of Escorts: Tips from a Pro
(Monet, 2005), written by Veronica Monet, a former prostitute and porn star; and
How to Tell a Naked Man What to Do: Sex advice from a woman who knows
(Royalle, 2004), by Candida Royalle, a high profile former porn star, turned pornographer. Rather than competing with the advice offered by medically trained therapists, the sex advice given in these works frequently draws on ‘medical’ ideas about sex and, furthermore, often reinforces these ideas with supportive examples from pornography and prostitution. Pornography and prostitution are promoted in these texts as the ultimate authority on sex and, in these texts, the eroticising of women’s submission and degradation are recurring themes.
The sex advice books written by porn stars all assert that being involved in prostitution and pornography makes you an authority on sex, in particular, good sex, sex that should be emulated. Flowing from this premise are sections that offer hints and tips to women on how to improve their own sex lives, based on the experiences of women in prostitution and pornography. As Monet puts it: “You will learn the sexual techniques that are the staple of the paid sexual services” (Monet, 2005, p. viii). This poses a serious problem for women as these are sex tips based on a system which involves inherent power imbalance, a system where for the most part, men are the buyers and women are the bought (Barry, 1995; Jeffreys, 1997). It is a system in which women are paid to sexually service men with no regard for their own pleasure (Barry, 1995). A system in
which women are often terribly physically abused, suffer from dissociation, and frequently also post-traumatic stress disorder (Farley, 2003). It is a system in which women’s inequality is fixed (Jeffreys, 1997). And yet it is this model that is held up for women to mimic in their own sexual lives.
There are some, including the authors of these pro-pornography texts, who try to argue instead that prostitution and pornography are liberating and can accommodate and promote women’s pleasure and equality (see for example McElroy, 1995; Monet, 2005; Royalle, 2004; Strossen, 1995). But the advice offered in these texts so often shows just how misleading such arguments are.
Mirroring the sex therapy literature, there are frequent messages in porn star authored texts that reiterate the importance of trying something for a partner or questioning certain inhibitions. One example of this comes from Royalle’s
How To Tell a Naked Man What To Do
. She states: “Don’t ever feel like you must do something that you don’t want to do. However, it’s always good to be open and at least give something a try. You might want to ask yourself exactly why you don’t want to watch x-rated movies …” (2004, p. 65). Royalle then explains to women, that once they have agreed to watch pornography, they will most likely be required to watch things they do not want to: “Maybe he wants something nasty and you want something softer … It’s simple: take turns! And don’t do it begrudgingly” (Royalle, 2004, p. 70). Indeed the assumption that women will initially not want to participate in the type of sex acts that are recommended is evident in most of this sort of sex advice literature. For example, Monet advises women to “[g]ive yourself a chance to get past your initial embarrassment or perhaps feelings of distain” (Monet, 2005, p. 130). The authors of
How to Have a XXX Sex Life
also offer advice on “freeing yourself of guilt and inhibitions” (Anderson and Berman, 2004, p. x). The suggestion is, of course, that these feelings of distain or unease about re-enacting acts of prostitution, or mimicking pornography, are somehow unfounded. Women are not entitled to feel this way, and need to work on overcoming their ‘inhibitions’. Pornography is the predictable tool suggested to help women learn more appropriate ‘sex positive’ reactions.
In
How to Have a XXX Sex Life
the authors actively encourage women to copy dialogue straight from pornographic films. They are also rather blunt in declaring the sexual appeal of the degradation involved, explaining that: “When most people think of ‘talking dirty’ they think of using nasty, even
degrading
language to make it hot. When it works, it works well” (Anderson and Berman, 2004, p. 49, my emphasis). For useful examples, readers are directed to watch the pornographic film
Swoosh
because “the talk is raunchier, with lines ‘Is that what you want, you filthy fucking whore?’ Or ‘Take it bitch’” (Anderson and Berman, 2004, p. 49).
In a further cross over between pornography and sex therapy, similar advice on ‘dirty talk’ is given by the renowned Australian sexologist Gabrielle Morrissey in her popular sex self-help book
Urge: Hot secrets for great sex
(2005). Morrissey states that dirty talk is “designed to arouse”, and to support this contention she offers the scenario of a man telling his female partner to: “Bring your wet cunt over here, I want to fuck it good …” (Morrissey, 2005, p. 442). It is not made clear if Morrissey believes this statement to be arousing to men, women, or both, but she does acknowledge that in non-sexual contexts women may find such a statement deeply offensive. She notes: “A woman in the bedroom may find it horny for her man to shout
‘Fuck you’re a nasty bitch yeah’
, but if he growled anything like that in the kitchen, he’d probably receive a walloping …” She further explains: “Tone, intent and context are everything” (p. 424). The context is important because, according to both sex therapists and the pornographers, the degradation and subordination of women is acceptable as long as it is sexual. While Morrissey claims women should not be degraded or verbally abused in the kitchen, the bedroom is placed beyond claims of respect and equality.
Pornography as Sexual Authority: How Sex Therapy Promotes the Pornification of Sexuality
Pornography is increasingly infiltrating various aspects of our lives. Most often in discussing this ‘pornification’ (Paul, 2005), we raise examples that we can easily see and recognise: fashion, art, advertising, television shows, movies. But pornography is also infiltrating areas which are not so obvious in everyday, public life, from the business practices of global corporations (Davies and Wonke, 2000; Lane, 2000; Rich, 2001) to the sex practices of our intimate relationships (Dines, 2010; Häggström-Nordin et al., 2005; Paul, 2005; Tydén and Rogala, 2003, 2004). These public and private processes of pornification not only involve the increasing exposure and influence of the pornography industry but also its increasing legitimacy. One of the most prominent ways in which pornography is now presented as legitimate is in the area of sex therapy. In sex therapy today, pornography is deemed to be not just an acceptable part of everyday sexual practice, but an ideal model of sexuality for people to imitate. This is pornography being presented as the ultimate sexual authority and it poses serious harms to women’s equality.
The recommendation of pornography can be found in many sex self-help books, even those written by well-known and respected sex therapists (see for example Heiman and LoPiccolo, 1992; Morrissey, 2005; Zillbergeld, 1993). Pornography is most often recommended as an aide for couples. According to therapists Striar and Bartlik, writing on the use of ‘erotica’ in sex therapy, pornography should be seen as a way of “adding diversity to a monogamous relationship” (Striar and Bartlik, 1999, p. 61). In particular, they state that it can be beneficial for “couples with incompatible sexual fantasies” (p. 61). This is one of the most common ways in which pornography is introduced as part of sex therapy. Pornography is used “to introduce a partner to a new mode of sexual experience that he or she might find otherwise distasteful or unacceptable” (p. 61). In cases such as this, pornography, under the guidance of therapists, is promoted as a tool to be used when trying to convince an unwilling partner to perform a sex act that they do not wish to engage in.
The idea that women should ‘experiment’ and perform sex acts that they do not want to has become a popular model for women’s sexual behaviour in heterosexual relationships since the ‘sexual revolution’ of the 1960s. It is an idea frequently reinforced and legitimated through sex therapy (see Jeffreys, 1990). Women are still encouraged by therapists to sexually fulfill their male partners, even if they have no desire to do so, or experience pain or discomfort (Tyler, 2008). For example, in the widely recommended self-help manual for women
Becoming Orgasmic
, therapists Heiman and LoPiccolo encourage women to try anal sex (an increasingly ubiquitous sex practice in pornography) if a male partner is interested in it. The advice from the therapists is: “If any discomfort does occur, try again some other time” (Heiman and LoPiccolo, 1992, p. 187). The central premise is that pain and discomfort for women are not acceptable reasons for discontinuing a sexual practice, but, rather, are reasons for women to undergo further ‘training’, ‘modelling’ and coercion. Instead of understanding that using pornography as a coercive strategy is harmful, sexologists extol pornography’s virtues, stating for example that it is useful for “giving the viewer permission to model the behavior” (Striar and Bartlik, 1999, p. 61).
Exactly what type of behaviour women are expected to model from pornography further exposes the way in which the promotion and legitimation of pornography in sex therapy poses harms to women’s equality. Even at the most respectable end of therapist-recommended pornography, sadomasochistic practices and acts such as double penetration, or DP as it is known in the porn industry, can be easily found. Take for example, the Sinclair Intimacy Institute, run by a “well known and respected sexologist, Dr Mark Schoen” (Black, 2006, p. 117). It consists mainly of an online store that sells therapist-recommended pornography. On the Institute’s Website, customers are assured that the pornography available is reviewed and approved by therapists who choose only “high quality sex positive productions” (Sinclair Intimacy Institute, 2007a, n.p.). Among the list of “sex positive productions” are the mainstream pornography titles
The New Devil in Miss Jones, Jenna Loves Pain
, and
Deepthroat
.
The choice of
Deepthroat
is particularly revealing given the amount of publicity surrounding the circumstances of its production. Linda Marchiano (Linda Lovelace at the time of filming) detailed her extensive abuse at the hands of her husband and pimp in her book
Ordeal
, explaining how she was forced, sometimes at gun point to perform in pornography (Lovelace, 1980). She once stated that: “every time someone watches that film, they are watching me being raped” (quoted in Dworkin, 1981). That such a film is labelled ‘sex positive’ by therapists should be serious cause for concern. But
Deepthoat
is not an isolated case.
The New Devil in Miss Jones
and
Jenna Loves Pain
both received rave reviews in the prominent US porn industry magazine
Adult Video News
. The editors of
Adult Video News
(
AVN
) gave
Miss Jones
a glowing recommendation, stating: “The sex is universally good and downright edgy, with piercing, double penetration and flogging in the closing scene …” (Pike-Johnson, 2005b, n.p.). Keep in mind, these are titles recommended for couples to watch and then model their behaviour on.
Jenna Loves Pain
, as if the title is not problematic enough, also received a hearty endorsement from
AVN
. Readers were informed that the title contained not only mild sadomasochism but that “
Jenna Loves Pain
raises the bar for what is possible in pure BDSM titles” (Ramone, 2005b, n.p.). To be clear, we are talking about fetish titles which contain acts of bondage, discipline and sadomasochism (BDSM), and sadly therapists do actually expect women to model this BDSM behaviour. Striar and Bartlik, for example, inform their fellow therapists that accessories to facilitate domination and submission fantasies such as “whips, restraints and blindfolds” (1999, p. 61) should be recommended to clients and can easily be found in sex stores.
The promotion of domination, submission, and other sadomasochist practices can even be found in therapist-endorsed ‘sex education’ videos. The Sinclair Intimacy Institute produces and distributes some of the most well known titles in the sex education genre. According to Dr Judy Seifer, one of the therapists involved in developing the Institute’s
Better Sex
series, couples should use the videos “like a textbook. Stop the tape; freeze the frame, like re-reading a chapter” (quoted in Eberwein, 1999, p. 193). This ‘textbook’, however, contains many, if not all, of the stereotypical conventions of mainstream pornography (Eberwein, 1999), including themes of BDSM.
The promotion of sadomasochism in sex education videos is particularly obvious in the Institute’s
Better Sex
Kits which include videos and also sex toys. One kit is titled ‘Smart Maid’. Potential customers are told via the Website that: “Dressing up and looking sexy for your partner is part of any healthy relationship …” (Sinclair Intimacy Institute, 2007b). The dressing up, however, is only expected of women: the kits offer no outfits for men. In this particular instance, women are supposed to dress up in an “upstairs maid costume”. The sexual excitement that men are expected to experience from a woman’s servitude is highlighted in the accompanying details: “At your service! Playful and sexy fantasies will come alive when she wears this sheer maids [sic] set” (Sinclair Intimacy Institute, 2007b). Themes of dominance and submission are also obvious in the ‘Tie Me Up, Tie Me Down’ kit, which includes “Japanese wrist and ankle cuffs” in addition to a leather blindfold. The accompanying photograph for the kit,
rather unsurprisingly, shows a woman modelling the so-called educational BDSM wear (Sinclair Intimacy Institute, 2007c).
The promotion of pornography in sex therapy, however, only explains part of how pornography is increasingly seen as an authority on sexual matters. As a consequence of the legitimacy that sex therapists have afforded pornography over the years – holding it up as an ideal model on which to base heterosexual sex – porn stars are increasingly being positioned as ‘sex experts’. For example, in the 1999 collection
Sex Tips: Advice from women experts around the world
edited by Australian sex therapist Jo-Anne Baker, porn stars, sadomasochist practitioners and prostituted women appear alongside therapists as the designated ‘experts’ (Baker, 1999). Also in keeping with this trend, a number of men’s magazines in the UK and US have revamped their sex advice sections to feature porn stars instead of sex therapists (Attwood, 2005, p. 85;
mediabistro.com
, 2007a, 2007b).
Some porn stars and prostituted women have even begun to release their own sex advice literature. Recent titles include:
How to Have A XXX Sex Life
(Anderson and Berman, 2004), which is based on advice from women who are contracted to the Vivid pornography production company in the United States;
Sex Secrets of Escorts: Tips from a Pro
(Monet, 2005), written by Veronica Monet, a former prostitute and porn star; and
How to Tell a Naked Man What to Do: Sex advice from a woman who knows
(Royalle, 2004), by Candida Royalle, a high profile former porn star, turned pornographer. Rather than competing with the advice offered by medically trained therapists, the sex advice given in these works frequently draws on ‘medical’ ideas about sex and, furthermore, often reinforces these ideas with supportive examples from pornography and prostitution. Pornography and prostitution are promoted in these texts as the ultimate authority on sex and, in these texts, the eroticising of women’s submission and degradation are recurring themes.
The sex advice books written by porn stars all assert that being involved in prostitution and pornography makes you an authority on sex, in particular, good sex, sex that should be emulated. Flowing from this premise are sections that offer hints and tips to women on how to improve their own sex lives, based on the experiences of women in prostitution and pornography. As Monet puts it: “You will learn the sexual techniques that are the staple of the paid sexual services” (Monet, 2005, p. viii). This poses a serious problem for women as these are sex tips based on a system which involves inherent power imbalance, a system where for the most part, men are the buyers and women are the bought (Barry, 1995; Jeffreys, 1997). It is a system in which women are paid to sexually service men with no regard for their own pleasure (Barry, 1995). A system in
which women are often terribly physically abused, suffer from dissociation, and frequently also post-traumatic stress disorder (Farley, 2003). It is a system in which women’s inequality is fixed (Jeffreys, 1997). And yet it is this model that is held up for women to mimic in their own sexual lives.
There are some, including the authors of these pro-pornography texts, who try to argue instead that prostitution and pornography are liberating and can accommodate and promote women’s pleasure and equality (see for example McElroy, 1995; Monet, 2005; Royalle, 2004; Strossen, 1995). But the advice offered in these texts so often shows just how misleading such arguments are.
Mirroring the sex therapy literature, there are frequent messages in porn star authored texts that reiterate the importance of trying something for a partner or questioning certain inhibitions. One example of this comes from Royalle’s
How To Tell a Naked Man What To Do
. She states: “Don’t ever feel like you must do something that you don’t want to do. However, it’s always good to be open and at least give something a try. You might want to ask yourself exactly why you don’t want to watch x-rated movies …” (2004, p. 65). Royalle then explains to women, that once they have agreed to watch pornography, they will most likely be required to watch things they do not want to: “Maybe he wants something nasty and you want something softer … It’s simple: take turns! And don’t do it begrudgingly” (Royalle, 2004, p. 70). Indeed the assumption that women will initially not want to participate in the type of sex acts that are recommended is evident in most of this sort of sex advice literature. For example, Monet advises women to “[g]ive yourself a chance to get past your initial embarrassment or perhaps feelings of distain” (Monet, 2005, p. 130). The authors of
How to Have a XXX Sex Life
also offer advice on “freeing yourself of guilt and inhibitions” (Anderson and Berman, 2004, p. x). The suggestion is, of course, that these feelings of distain or unease about re-enacting acts of prostitution, or mimicking pornography, are somehow unfounded. Women are not entitled to feel this way, and need to work on overcoming their ‘inhibitions’. Pornography is the predictable tool suggested to help women learn more appropriate ‘sex positive’ reactions.
In
How to Have a XXX Sex Life
the authors actively encourage women to copy dialogue straight from pornographic films. They are also rather blunt in declaring the sexual appeal of the degradation involved, explaining that: “When most people think of ‘talking dirty’ they think of using nasty, even
degrading
language to make it hot. When it works, it works well” (Anderson and Berman, 2004, p. 49, my emphasis). For useful examples, readers are directed to watch the pornographic film
Swoosh
because “the talk is raunchier, with lines ‘Is that what you want, you filthy fucking whore?’ Or ‘Take it bitch’” (Anderson and Berman, 2004, p. 49).
In a further cross over between pornography and sex therapy, similar advice on ‘dirty talk’ is given by the renowned Australian sexologist Gabrielle Morrissey in her popular sex self-help book
Urge: Hot secrets for great sex
(2005). Morrissey states that dirty talk is “designed to arouse”, and to support this contention she offers the scenario of a man telling his female partner to: “Bring your wet cunt over here, I want to fuck it good …” (Morrissey, 2005, p. 442). It is not made clear if Morrissey believes this statement to be arousing to men, women, or both, but she does acknowledge that in non-sexual contexts women may find such a statement deeply offensive. She notes: “A woman in the bedroom may find it horny for her man to shout
‘Fuck you’re a nasty bitch yeah’
, but if he growled anything like that in the kitchen, he’d probably receive a walloping …” She further explains: “Tone, intent and context are everything” (p. 424). The context is important because, according to both sex therapists and the pornographers, the degradation and subordination of women is acceptable as long as it is sexual. While Morrissey claims women should not be degraded or verbally abused in the kitchen, the bedroom is placed beyond claims of respect and equality.
BOOK: Big Porn Inc: Exposing the Harms of the Global Pornography Industry
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