Bound for Canaan (66 page)

Henson's status:
Henson,
Uncle Tom's Story
, p. 23.

drivers typically being chosen:
Kolchin,
American Slavery
, p. 103.

doubled the farm's yield:
Henson,
Uncle Tom's Story
, p. 23.

William Grimes:
William Grimes, “Life of William Grimes, the Runaway Slave,” in
I Was Born a Slave: An Anthology of Classic Slave Narratives
, vol. 1, Yuval Taylor, ed. (Chicago: Lawrence Hill, 1999), p. 193.

Charles Ball:
Charles Ball, “A Narrative of the Life and Adventures of Charles Ball, a Black Man,” in
I Was Born a Slave: An Anthology of Classic Slave Narratives
, vol. 1, Yuval Taylor, ed. (Chicago: Lawrence Hill, 1999), p. 426.

“I had no reason”:
Henson,
Uncle Tom's Story
, p. 41.

the tight credit:
Hiebert and MacMaster,
Grateful Remembrance
, p. 152.

“Partly through pride”:
Henson,
Uncle Tom's Story
, pp. 44–45.

Henson's wife, Charlotte:
Ibid., p. 42.

“[My] heart and soul became identified”:
Ibid., pp. 47 ff.

“No poor man”:
R. Carlyle Buley,
The Old Northwest: Pioneer Period, 1815–1840
, vol. 2 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1951), pp. 44–45.

“one-horse tumbrils”:
R. Carlyle Buley,
The Old Northwest: Pioneer Period, 1815–1840
, vol. 1 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1951), p. 27.

coffles of slaves shuffling westward:
Cohn,
Life and Times of King Cotton
, pp. 105–6; Dangerfield,
Awakening of American Nationalism
, pp. 105–6.

“droves of a dozen”:
Merton L. Dillon,
Benjamin Lundy and the Struggle for Negro Freedom
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1966), p. 6.

the shore of a free state:
Henson,
Uncle Tom's Story
, pp. 51–53.

“Town booming”:
Buley,
Old Northwest
, vol. 1, pp. 26–28, 36, 171–72.

few African Americans in Indiana:
Emma Lou Thornbrough,
The Negro in Indiana Before 1900
(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993), pp. 20–21; Weeks,
Southern Quakers and Slavery
, p. 232.

Equality among whites:
Buley,
Old Northwest
vol. 1, pp. 30–31; vol. 2, p. 51.

Coffin spent several weeks:
Coffin,
Reminiscences of Levi Coffin
, pp. 81–84.

de facto slavery continued:
Buley,
Old Northwest
, vol. 2, pp. 53–54.

Whipping was permitted:
Carol Pirtle,
Escape Betwixt Two Suns: A True Tale of the Underground Railroad in Illinois
(Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2000), pp. 8–10, 101; Dillon,
Abolitionists
, pp. 23–24; Glennette Tilley Turner,
The Underground Railroad in Illinois
(Glen Ellyn, Ill.: Newman Educational Publishing, 2001), p. 108.

Illinois was still raw wilderness:
Buley,
Old Northwest
, vol. 2, pp. 53–54; Buley,
Old Northwest
, vol. 1, p. 48.

“Starvation seemed to stare”:
Coffin,
Reminiscences of Levi Coffin
, p. 92.

Hiatt's relatives “asked me”:
Ibid., p. 95.

married Benjamin White's sister:
Ibid., p. 103.

settled in Newport:
Ibid., p. 106.

runaway slaves often passed:
Ibid., pp. 107–8.

“I told them”:
Ibid., pp. 109–10; Daniel N. Huff, “The Unnamed Anti-Slavery Heroes of Old Newport” (paper presented to the Wayne County, Indiana, Historical Society, September 23, 1905, Friends Collection, Earlham College).

Karl Anton Postl:
Quoted in Harry Caudill,
Night Comes to the Cumberlands
Boston: Atlantic-Little Brown, 1963), pp. 17–18.

Henson's life in Kentucky:
Henson,
Uncle Tom's Story
, pp. 55–57.

Nehemiah Adams:
Nehemiah Adams,
A South-Side View of Slavery
(Savannah: Beehive Press, 1974), pp. 43–45.

the Hensons' security:
Henson,
Uncle Tom's Story
, pp. 58–60.

“a most excellent white man”:
Ibid., p. 62.

continued to espouse an antislavery message:
Mathews,
Slavery and Methodism
, pp. 46–53.

The Cincinnati that Josiah Henson found:
Buley,
Old Northwest
, vol. 2, p. 47; Charles F. Goss,
Cincinnati: The Queen City 1788–1912
, vol. 1 (Cincinnati: S. J. Clarke, 1912), pp. 126, 135–36.

the only jobs:
Lyle Kohler, “Cincinnati's Black Peoples: A Chronology and Bibliography, 1787–1982” (unpublished paper prepared for the Cincinnati Arts Consortium, 1986, Cincinnati Public Library), p. 9.

“I found every door”:
Ibid., p. 8.

“invaluable friends”:
Henson,
Uncle Tom's Story
, p. 64.

By the time he left:
Ibid., p. 66.

an increasingly common practice:
T. Stephen Whitman,
The Price of Freedom: Slavery and Manumission in Baltimore and Early National Maryland
(New York: Routledge, 2000), p. 161.

Riley agreed:
Henson,
Uncle Tom's Story
, p. 72.

Back in Kentucky:
Ibid., pp. 74 ff.

Isaac Riley's widow:
Interview with Matilda Riley,
Rockville (MD) Sentinel
, June 8, 1883.

to New Orleans:
Henson,
Uncle Tom's Story
, pp. 79 ff.

“Nothing was left”:
Ibid., p. 93.

C
HAPTER
6: F
REE AS
S
URE AS THE
D
EVIL

a charismatic Virginia slave:
Nat Turner, “The Confessions of Nat Turner,” in
The Rebellious Slave: Nat Turner in American Memory
, by Scot French (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2004), pp. 289 ff.

“'[T] was my object”:
Ibid., p. 295.

Between one hundred:
Yuval Taylor, ed.,
I Was Born a Slave: An Anthology of Classic Slave Narratives
, vol. 1 (Chicago: Lawrence Hill, 1999), p. 236; Scot French,
The Rebellious Slave: Nat Turner in American Memory
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2004), pp. 2, 35–36, 84–85; Harriet A. Jacobs,
Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1987), p. 64; Merton L. Dillon,
Slavery Attacked: Southern Slaves and their Allies 1619–1865
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1990), pp. 157–58.

Fulfilling the worst fears:
Russel Nye,
Fettered Freedom: Civil Liberties and the Slavery Controversy 1830–1860
(East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1949), pp. 122 ff.

In Raleigh:
Louis P. Masur,
1831: Year of Eclipse
(New York: Hill & Wang, 2001), pp. 38–39.

Virginians debated:
Ibid., pp. 57, 62.

“We have, as far”:
Nye,
Fettered Freedom
, p. 71.

“I will be as harsh as truth”:
Henry Mayer,
All on Fire: William Lloyd Garrison and the Abolition of Slavery
(New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998), p. 112; Masur,
1831
, pp. 23–25.

Tens of thousands:
Franklin and Schweniger,
Runaway Slaves
, p. 282.

Jarm Logue:
Jermain Loguen,
The Rev. J. W. Loguen as a Slave and as a Freeman
(Syracuse, N. Y.: J. G. K. Truair & Co., 1859), p. 124.

Moses Roper:
Roper, “Narrative of the Adventures and Escape of Moses Roper,” p. 499.

William Wells Brown:
Brown, “Narrative of William W. Brown,” p. 701.

Slaves ran because:
Stampp,
Peculiar Institution
, pp. 110–14; Franklin and Schweniger,
Runaway Slaves
, pp. 17 ff, 50–51.

Occasionally whites enticed:
Mark Twain,
Life on the Mississippi
(New York: Bantam, 1981), p. 144; Franklin and Schweniger,
Runaway Slaves
, p. 30.

most “lurked”:
Stampp,
Peculiar Institution
, p. 115; Franklin and Schweniger,
Runaway Slaves
, pp. 58, 67–68, 100–101, 109.

The Tennessee slave:
Loguen,
Rev. J. W. Loguen
, pp. 241, 245.

a Mississippi planter:
Burton,
Rise and Fall of King Cotton
, pp. 159–60.

a system of police control:
Sally E. Hadden,
Slave Patrols: Law and Violence in Virginia and the Carolinas
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001), p. 120; Franklin and Schweniger,
Runaway Slaves
, p. 118.

South Carolina community, Georgetown:
Hadden,
Slave Patrols
, p. 63.

“It was part of my business”:
Ibid., 83.

Patrollers typically had:
Franklin and Schweniger,
Runaway Slaves
, pp. 154–55.

“If a slave”:
Lewis Clarke, in John W. Blassingame,
Slave Testimony: Two Centuries of Letters, Speeches, Interviews, and Autobiographies
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1977), p. 157.

Patrollers gathered in a tavern:
John Kendrick,
Horrors of Slavery
(Cambridge, Mass.: Hilliard and Metcalf, 1817), p. 53.

“As I was goin”:
Hadden,
Slave Patrols
, p. 119.

tended to run in any direction:
Franklin and Schweniger,
Runaway Slaves
, pp. 100–1, 161; Cecelski,
Waterman's Song
, pp. 128–31; Fergus M. Bordewich,
Killing the White Man's Indian: Reinventing Native Americans at the End of the Twentieth Century
(New York: Anchor, 1996), pp. 74–75.

refuge with Native Americans:
Don E. Fehrenbacher,
The Slaveholding Republic: An Account of the United States Government's Relations to Slavery
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 98–101; Franklin and Schweniger,
Runaway Slaves
, pp. 87–88.

One youngster:
Julie Winch, “Philadelphia and the Other Underground Railroad,”
Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
111, no. 1 (January 1987): 13.

When the Choctaw:
Sydnor,
Slavery in Mississippi
, p. 87.

The Cherokee, in particular:
Franklin and Schweniger,
Runaway Slaves
, pp. 121, 127; Bordewich,
Killing the White Man's Indian
, pp. 40–41; Hadden,
Slave Patrols
, pp. 14–15; William Loren Katz,
Black Indians: A Hidden Heritage
(New York: Atheneum, 1986), pp. 54–55.

“I do think”:
Grimes, “Life of William Grimes,” pp. 231–32.

Fugitives could count on:
Miller,
Wolf by the Ears
, p. 129; Kashatus,
Just over the Line
, p. 28; Siebert,
Underground Railroad from Slavery to Freedom
, p. 297; Dangerfield,
Awakening of American Nationalism
, p. 130; Franklin and Schweniger,
Runaway Slaves
, pp. 159–60; John Rankin,
Life of Rev. John Rankin, Written by Himself in His Eightieth Year
(ca. 1872), text from a manuscript in the collection of Lobena and Charles Frost, reproduced and copyrighted in 1998 by Arthur W. McGraw.

“The real distance was great”:
Frederick Douglass, “Life and Times of Frederick Douglass,” in
Douglass: Autobiographies
(New York: Library of America, 1994), pp. 609–10.

Canada in the 1830s:
Winks,
Blacks in Canada
, p. 234; Daniel G. Hill,
The Freedom-Seekers: Blacks in Early Canada
(Toronto: Stoddart, 1992), pp. 13–15; Siebert,
Underground Railroad from Slavery to Freedom
, pp. 191–92.

Word slowly spread:
Winks,
Blacks in Canada
, pp. 142 ff; Siebert,
Underground Railroad from Slavery to Freedom
, p. 192.