Bound for Canaan (67 page)

Lundy described:
Dillon,
Benjamin Lundy
, pp. 171–73; Winks,
Blacks in Canada
, p. 158.

No one really knows:
Michael Wayne, “The Black Population of Canada West on the Eve of the American Civil War: A Reassessment Based on the Manuscript Census of 1861,”
Histoire Sociale/Social History
56, no. 4 (Winter 2000): 284–93; Stampp,
Peculiar Institution
, p. 115; Franklin and Schweniger,
Runaway Slaves
, p. 26; Ball, “Narrative of the Life and Adventures,” pp. 438 ff.
115 A large majority of fugitives:
Stampp,
Peculiar Institution
, p. 111; Franklin and Schweniger,
Runaway Slaves
, pp. 64, 229; Kashatus,
Just over the Line
, p. 15.

The plan terrified Charlotte:
Henson,
Uncle Tom's Story
, pp. 104–9.

very lightly populated:
Diane Perrine Coon, interview with the author, October 10, 2002.

they continued eastward:
Henson,
Uncle Tom's Story
, pp. 110–12.

local constables, slave catchers, informers:
Franklin and Schweniger,
Runaway Slaves
, pp. 119, 157–58, 178; Stampp,
Peculiar Institution
, p. 115; Brown, “Narrative of William W. Brown,” p. 704; statement of Alexander Hemsley, in Benjamin Drew,
The Refugee: A Northside View of Slavery
(Reading, Pa.: Addison-Wesley, 1969), pp. 32–25; statement of William A. Hall, in Drew, pp. 220–24.

There was no single prototype:
James W. C. Pennington, “The Fugitive Blacksmith; or, Events in the History of James W. C. Pennington,” in
I Was Born a Slave: An Anthology of Classic Slave Narratives
, vol. 2, Yuval Taylor, ed. (Chicago: Lawrence Hill, 1999), p. 120; Hall, in Drew,
Refugee
, pp. 220–24; statement of A. T. Jones, in Drew,
The Refugee
, pp. 106–7.

most fugitives relied on pluck:
Franklin and Schweniger,
Runaway Slaves
, pp. 109–20; Ball, “Narrative of the Life and Adventures,” pp. 438–56.

Jim Pembroke, who:
Pennington, “The Fugitive Blacksmith,” pp. 115–38.

Since Henson's last visit:
Kohler, “Cincinnati's Black Peoples,” p. 9; Thomas E. Wagner, “Cincinnati and Southwestern Ohio: An Abolitionist Training Ground”(thesis, Miami University, 1967), pp. 1–8; Henry Louis Taylor, Jr.,
Race and the City: Work, Community, and Protest in Cincinnati, 1820–1970
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1993), pp. 302–4; Winks,
Blacks in Canada
, p. 155.

On their own once again:
Henson,
Uncle Tom's Story
, pp. 115 ff.

vast hardwood forests:
R. Carlyle Buley,
Old Northwest
, vol. 1, p. 51; vol. 2, p. 149.

Benjamin Lundy walked:
Dillon,
Benjamin Lundy
, pp. 174–75.

the Hensons set off:
Henson,
Uncle Tom's Story
, pp. 119 ff.

“I threw myself”:
Ibid., p. 126.

C
HAPTER
7: F
ANATICS
, D
ISORGANIZERS, AND
D
ISTURBERS OF THE
P
EACE

the damage it suffered:
Loguen,
Rev. J. W. Loguen
, p. 124.

Born around 1813:
Carol M. Hunter,
To Set the Captives Free: Reverend Jermain Wesley Loguen and the Struggle for Freedom in Central New York 1835–1872
(New York: Garland, 1993), p. 33; C. Peter Ripley, ed.,
The Black Abolitionist Papers: The United States, 1847–1858
, vol. 4 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991), p. 87, note 4.

three slave-owning Logue brothers:
Loguen,
Rev. J. W. Loguen
, p. 14.

treated him as a “pet”:
Ibid., p. 23.

Jarm merely fantasized:
Ibid., pp. 227–28.

Ross procured for them:
Ibid., pp. 253, 261.

On Christmas Eve:
Logue's flight to Canada described, Ibid., pp. 275–337.

“a true hearted colored man”:
Hunter,
To Set the Captives Free
, p. 42; Diane Perrine Coon, interview with the author, November 11, 2002; Maxine F. Brown,
The Role of Free Blacks in Indiana's Underground Railroad: The Case of Floyd, Harrison, and Washington Counties
(Indianapolis: Indiana Department of Natural Resources, 2001), pp. 2–7.

By 1834, however:
Merton L. Dillon,
The Abolitionists: The Growth of a Dissenting Minority
(De Kalb: Northern Illinois Press, 1974), pp. 62–64.

Many fugitives still:
statement by William H. Hall in Drew,
Refugee
, pp. 220–24; Brown, “Narrative of William W. Brown,” pp. 712–13, 715.

“There was no Anti-Slavery Society”:
Pennington, “The Fugitive Blacksmith,” p. 140.

only in southeastern Pennsylvania:
Child,
Isaac T. Hopper
, pp. 192, 206.

one of his last cases:
Ibid., pp. 189–91.

the deepening rift:
Barbour et al., “Orthodox-Hicksite Separation,” pp. 100–30.

“Friends generally seem”:
Charles Marriott, letter to Rowland T. Robinson, October 22, 1835, Rokeby Museum, Ferrisburgh, Vt.

his tailoring business suffered:
Child,
Isaac T. Hopper
, p. 295.

vibrant middle class:
Nash,
Forging Freedom
, pp. 130–33, 247–52, 272–73; Julie Winch, “Philadelphia and the Other Underground Railroad,” pp. 8–9; Mayer,
All on Fire
, p. 173.

waves of immigrants:
Nash,
Forging Freedom
, p. 251.
135 New measures had been proposed:
Winch, “Philadelphia and the Other Underground Railroad,” pp. 8–9.

Hopper was considered remarkable:
Child,
Isaac T. Hopper
, p. 151.

a white mob gathered:
Nash,
Forging Freedom
, p. 254.

full-scale race riot:
Ibid., p. 275.

Richard Allen, had been seized:
Ibid., 242.

a kidnapping ring:
Winch, “Philadelphia and the Other Underground Railroad,” p. 22.

Jarm Logue's mother:
Loguen,
Rev. J. W. Loguen
, pp. 12–14.

repugnance at the kidnapping:
Nash,
Forging Freedom
, p. 243; Winch, “Philadelphia and the Other Underground Railroad,” pp. 8–9.

In March 1820:
William R. Leslie, “The Pennsylvania Fugitive Slave Act of 1826,”
Journal of Southern History
13 (1952): 433–35, 445.

In 1826, under pressure:
Ibid., p. 443.

A particularly strong node of activism:
Franklin Ellis and Samuel Evans,
History of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
(Philadelphia: Everts and Peck, 1883), pp. 73–74; Smedley, “History of the Underground Railroad in Chester,” pp. 28 ff.

“We might as well”:
Smedley, “History of the Underground Railroad in Chester,” p. 148.

African-American abolitionists played:
Smedley, “History of the Underground Railroad in Chester,” pp. 27–29, 53–57, 99–100, 143–50, 245–46; Adams,
Neglected Period of Anti-Slavery in America
, pp. 23–24; Siebert,
Underground Railroad from Slavery to Freedom
, pp. 120–21.

the tanner Owen Brown:
James F. Caccamo,
Hudson, Ohio and the Underground Railroad
(Hudson, Ohio: Friends of Hudson Library, 1992), pp. 21–22.

James Adams, the mulatto son:
statement by James Adams in Drew,
Refugee
, pp. 12–19.

whaling port of Nantucket:
Kathryn Grover,
The Fugitive's Gibraltar: Escaping Slaves and Abolitionism in New Bedford, Massachusetts
(Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2001), pp. 95–96; Siebert,
Underground Railroad from Slavery to Freedom
, p. 258.

Some, like David Hudson:
Caccamo,
Hudson, Ohio and the Underground Railroad
, p. 21.

William Jay:
Dillon,
Abolitionists
, pp. 53–54.

“Those who do remain”:
quoted in Wright, “North Carolina Quakers and Slavery,” pp. 17–18.

underground conductor Calvin Fairbank:
Calvin Fairbank,
Rev. Calvin Fairbank during Slavery Times
(New York: Negro Universities Press, 1969), p. 7.

roving journalist Benjamin Lundy:
Dillon,
Benjamin Lundy
, p. 47.

“immediate and total abolition”:
George Bourne,
Picture of Slavery in the United States of America
(Detroit: Negro History Press, 1972), p. 156; Siebert,
Underground Railroad from Slavery to Freedom
, pp. 304–6.

John Rankin of Ohio wrote:
Riley,
Ohio Castigator
, July 24, 1824, and August 31, 1824; Ann Hagedorn,
Beyond the River: The Untold Story of the Heroes of the Underground Railroad
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002), pp. 47–50; William Lloyd Garrison, letter to Henry E. Benson, December 10, 1835, Walter M. Merrill, ed.,
The Letters of William Lloyd Garrison: I Will Be Heard!
, vol. 1:
1822–1835
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971), pp. 574–75.

Adam Lowry Rankin:
Adam Lowry Rankin, “The Autobiography of Adam Lowry Rankin” (unpublished manuscript, Union Township Library, Ripley, Ohio), pp. 41–45.

The conference was William Lloyd Garrison's idea:
Mayer,
All on Fire
, pp. 170–71; Carleton Mabee,
Black Freedom: The Nonviolent Abolitionists from 1830 through the Civil War
(Toronto: Macmillan, 1970), p. 20.

“we learnt that a goodly number”:
Samuel J. May,
Some Recollections of Our Antislavery Conflict
(Miami: Mnemosyne, 1969, p. 82).

The delegates were mostly young:
Mayer,
All on Fire
, pp. 172–74; May,
Some Recollections of Our Antislavery Conflict
, pp. 82–96; Dillon,
Slavery Attacked
, pp. 172–73; Bertram Wyatt-Brown,
Lewis Tappan and the Evangelical War Against Slavery
(New York: Atheneum, 1971), pp. 107–8.

“our Coryphaeus”:
May,
Some Recollections of Our Antislavery Conflict
, p. 86.

a ringing proclamation:
William Lloyd Garrison, “Declaration of the National Antislavery Convention,” in
Against Slavery: An Abolitionist Reader
, Mason Lowance, ed. (New York: Penguin, 2000), pp. 119–22.

“a holy enthusiasm”:
May,
Some Recollections of Our Antislavery Conflict
, p. 96.

C
HAPTER
8: T
HE
G
RANDEST
R
EVOLUTION THE
W
ORLD
H
AS
E
VER
S
EEN

That evening, he intended:
Octavius B. Frothingham,
Gerrit Smith: A Biography
(New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1878), pp. 165–66.

Though only thirty-eight years old:
John Stauffer,
The Black Hearts of Men: Radical Abolitionists and the Transformation of Race
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002), pp. 75–77.

“Boundless was his faith”:
Frothingham,
Gerrit Smith
, p. 171.

Smith's moral sensibility:
Whitney R. Cross,
The Burned-Over District: The Social and Intellectual History of Enthusiastic Religion in Western New York, 1800–1850
(New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1965), pp. 3–13.

Smith had thought deeply about slavery:
Alice H. Henderson, “The History of the New York State Anti-Slavery Society” (Ph. D. thesis, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1963), pp. 34 ff.

“By such a concession”:
Ibid., p. 36.

But he was not an abolitionist:
Stauffer,
Black Hearts of Men
, pp. 93–94; Gerrit Smith, letter to Lewis Tappan, April 1, 1836, Gerrit Smith Collection, Bird Library, Syracuse University; Gerrit Smith, letter to Joseph Speed, September 7, 1837, Smith Collection, Syracuse University.

The atmosphere in Utica:
May,
Some Recollections of Our Antislavery Conflict
, pp. 163–64; Henderson, “History of the New York State Anti-Slavery Society,” pp. 51–57; James Caleb Jackson, unpublished reminiscences, copy in the possession of Milton C. Sernett, Department of African American Studies, Syracuse University, Syracuse, N. Y.