Brontës (175 page)

142.
Henry Martyn to William Wilberforce, 14 Feb 1804: MS Wilberforce d.14 p.17, Bodleian [
LRPB
, 318].

143.
PB to Mrs Burder, 21 Apr 1823: MS n.l. [
LRPB
, 45].

144.
L&D, 44 state that Patrick met Buckworth at St Chad's in 1809 but Buckworth's attachment there did not occur until 1813:
Buckworth
, 117–8, 55.

145.
James Wood's Commonplace Book 1808–36, 6 Nov 1809: MS M1.3 p.214. I am grateful to Dr Peter Searby for drawing my attention to the entries in this ms.

146.
Ibid., 219, 223.

147.
Register of Marriages, All Saints' Church, Wellington: MS, All Saints', Wellington. Patrick's letters testimonial from Wellington state that he resided there till 4 Dec 1809: MS ADM 1810, Borthwick.

148.
Morgan added two scriptural texts referring to brotherly love beneath his dedication:
Sermons or Homilies Appointed to be Read in Churches
(Oxford, 1802): HAOBP:bb57, BPM.

149.
PB, Letters Testimonial from Wethersfield, n.d. and from Wellington, 8 Dec 1809: MSS ADM 1810, Borthwick.

CHAPTER TWO: THE PROMISED LAND

1.
Christopher Scargill and Richard Lee,
Dewsbury As It Was
(Nelson, 1983), intro., nos. 30, 36, 46, 47, 49.

2.
Ibid., intro., no. 50; A. Ronald Bielby,
Churches and Chapels of Kirklees
(Huddersfield, 1978), 30–2. The church has been rebuilt so many times that it is impos-sible to visualize it as it was in 1809, though the medieval parts of the interior and the 1767 tower remain.

3.
William Page (ed.),
Victoria History of the County of York
(London, 1974), iii, 525.

4.
Baines, i, 161–7; Scargill and Lee,
Dewsbury As It Was
, intro.

5.
Ibid. The Moravians were a Protestant sect originating in the Czech Republic: they had a strong following in the Gomersal and Pudsey area where they established Fulneck School. A Moravian minister, James La Trobe, would attend Anne Brontë when she fell ill at Roe Head in 1837: see below, 327, 331.

6.
Registers of Marriages, 1796–1812, and of Baptisms and Burials, 1796–1812, All Saints' Church, Dewsbury: Microfiche D9/19 and D9/8, WYAS, Bradford. These figures do not include those for Ossett which are recorded separately but not comprehensively in the same registers. The name of the officiating clergyman is only recorded in the marriage register making it impossible to identify what proportion of the baptisms and burials Patrick carried out. Judging by the new-format registers, which came into use in 1813 and did record the officiating minister's name, Buckworth relied on his curates to perform the vast majority of the duties. Patrick's date of arrival is given in PB, Letters Testimonial from Dewsbury, 12 June 1810: MS ADM 1810, Borthwick.

7.
Buckworth
, 178–9.

8.
Ibid., 52–3.

9.
Ibid., 114–17. Though Patrick was influenced by Buckworth's example, he never adopted his ‘moderate Calvinism': ibid., 184.

10.
Frederick W. Smith, ‘Notes Towards a History of Dewsbury': unpublished type-script, 1967, in LSL, Dewsbury;
Buckworth
, 17, 195.

11.
Yates, 47 quoting Mr Senior.

12.
Buckworth
, 49–52.

13.
Mrs Hepworth, quoted in Revd Thomas Whitby to J.A. Erskine Stuart, 13 Dec 1886: MS BS xi, 63 p.2, BPM.

14.
Yates, 31–4.

15.
Ibid., 42 and L&D, 64 say that it was the vicar's ill-health which prevented him attending the procession but according to Patrick his vicar was in Oxford taking his M.A. only five days before the Whit walks: PB to Thomas Porteus, 6June 1810: MS ADM 1810, Borthwick [
LRPB
, 25].

16.
Yates, 42–9 quoting Mr Senior and Miss Wilson, apparently as eye-witnesses. See CB,
Shirley
, 303–5 for Charlotte's fictional version of this incident.

17.
Yates, 74–7 quoting Joseph Tolson's daughter-in-law and grandson.

18.
Patrick later worked closely with him to free William Nowell: see below pp.42–4.

19.
Yates, 29 quoting Marmaduke Fox.

20.
Ibid., 35–7; Mrs Hepworth, quoted in Revd Thomas Whitby to J.A. Erskine Stuart, 13 Dec 1886: MS BS xi, 63 pp.2–4, BPM. The way the bell-ringing incident is reported, as an example of Patrick's ill-temper, rather than his faith, is typical of the misrepresentations of him which proliferated after publication of ECG,
Life
in 1857.

21.
L&D, 66 following Yates, 37–9: but
Buckworth
, 49–52 says that the young men were taught in evening classes twice a week and does not mention their residence at the vicarage. I suspect Patrick had to give up his place to the new curate David Jenkins who was appointed in anticipation of Patrick's preferment to Hartshead.

22.
PB to Thomas Porteus, 6June 1810: MS ADM 1810, Borthwick [
LRPB
, 25].

23.
The dating of the letters testimonial is confused: those from Wethersfield are dated 8 May 1810; those from Wellington 8May 1809 though they must date from 1810 as they testify to Patrick's having left Wellington on 4 December 1809; those from Dewsbury are dated 12 June 1810: all are in MS ADM 1810, Borthwick.

24.
John Buckworth to the Archbishop of York, 19 July 1810: MS ADM 1810, Borthwick.

25.
Registers of Marriages, 1796–1812, and of Baptisms and Burials, 1796–1812, All Saints' Church, Dewsbury: Microfiche D9/19 and D9/8, WYAS, Bradford; Registers of Baptisms, Marriages and Burials, 1798–1812, St Peter's Church, Hartshead-cum-Clifton: Microfiche D31/3, WYAS, Kirklees [Edith B. Armytage (ed.),
The Parish Registers of Hartshead
(Yorkshire Parish Register Society, 1903), 280, 282–3, 292–3, 306–9].

26.
Jenkins first signed the Dewsbury marriage register on 6August 1810; he carried out nine marriages at Hartshead between 9 August 1810 and 28 March 1811: Joseph Ogden had officiated at all the previous marriages, assisted infrequently at Dewsbury and also occasionally when Patrick was minister at Hartshead: Register of Marriages, 1798–1812, St Peter's Church, Hartshead-cum-Clifton: Microfiche D31/3, WYAS, Kirklees. L&D, 69 claim that the failure of the new curate to arrive delayed Patrick's removal to Hartshead but Jenkins was already officiating as early as August 1810. L&D, 68–9, 84, 90–1 also gloss over the fact that Patrick was appointed in 1810 but did not take up his duties until 1811.

27.
LM
, 15 Dec 1810 p.3.

28.
Ibid.

29.
Mary Burder to PB, 8Aug 1823: MS n.l. [
L&L
, i, 64].

30.
LM
, 15 Dec 1810 p.3. I disagree with most biographers who, following L&D, 74–5, assume Patrick wrote the long letter about Nowell's case under the pseudonym ‘Sydney'. There would be no point in going to the trouble of adopting a pseudonym then giving away the identity by including a letter addressed to the ‘Rev. P. Bronte' at the end unless the pen name belonged to some-one else. Patrick never used a pseudonym in any other newspaper correspondence, nor does this letter display his characteristic traits: the most obvious omission is quotation from Scripture but Patrick, who was proud of his Irish ancestry, would not have written ‘we Englishmen'. I do not therefore believe that Patrick wrote the ‘Sydney' letter. Nor have I found any evidence to support the assertion in L&D, 89 that Patrick had ‘already contributed a number of articles' to the newspapers by 1811. The fact that the ‘Sydney' letter is the only one before 1824, after which Patrick wrote fairly frequently, confirms my belief that it was not written by him.

31.
LM
, 17 Aug 1811 p.3. An angry exchange of letters followed between Dawson and Rylah concerning the correctness of Dawson's behaviour as examining magistrate: ibid., 24 Aug 1811 p.3; 7 Sept 1811 p.3.

32.
See above, p.37.

33.
Bielby,
Churches and Chapels of Kirklees
, 12–14; ECG,
Life
, 12.

34.
H.N. and M. Pobjoy,
The Story of the Ancient Parish of Hartshead-cum-Clifton
(Driffield, 1972), 124, 111–12, 75–6. The occupations are cited from the parish registers: Armytage (ed.),
The Parish Registers of Hartshead
, 280–3, 292–3, 306–9.

35.
I have adopted the contemporary spelling of the name, though modern sources tend to use ‘Armytage'.

36.
Margaret M. Wood,
Hartshead and District in Times Past
(Chorley, 1985), 11–12.

37.
Sarah J. Williams to J.A. Erskine Stuart, [
c
.1886–7]: MS BS xi, 67 p.1, BPM.

38.
John Buckworth,
A Series of Discourses
…
Preached in the Parish Church of Dewsbury Yorkshire
(Wakefield, 1809): MS HAOBP:bb11, BPM. Buckworth added copies of two more recent sermons to this book: a funeral sermon for Joseph Hutchinson, who died on 12 July 1809, and a sermon for the Day of National Humiliation on 28 February 1810.

39.
See above, n. 25.

40.
Registers of Marriages, 1798–1812 and 1813–68, of Baptisms, 1798–1812 and 1813–72, and of Burials, 1798–1812 and 1813–36, St Peter's Church, Hartshead: Microfiche D31/3, WYAS, Kirklees [up to Dec 1812, Armytage (ed.),
The Parish Registers of Hartshead
, 292–3, 280–3, 306–9]. In January 1813 all the parish registers were taken out of the clerk's hands and filled in by the officiating minister, so it is possible to see exactly how many services Patrick performed.

41.
Patrick officiated at marriages, for example, on 20 May, 16 June, 7July, 25 September and twice on 25 December 1811, signing the register ‘P. Brontēe Minister': Register of Marriages, 1798–1812, All Saints' Church, Dewsbury: Microfiche D9/19, WYAS, Bradford.

42.
All three took occasional duties for Patrick: For Jenkins see above, n. 26; Roberson performed 3 baptisms on 28 August 1814 and 2 baptisms and a burial on 11 September 1814; Morgan performed 3burials on 21 March 1813 and Maria Brontë's baptism on 23 April 1814: Registers of Baptisms, 1813–72, and of Burials, 1813–36, St Peter's Church, Hartshead: Microfiche D31/3, WYAS, Kirklees. For Roberson as a model for Mr Helstone see below, pp.719,740.

43.
Sarah J. Williams to J.A. Erskine Stuart, [
c
.1886–7]: MS BS xi, 67 p.1, BPM.

44.
[PB],
Winter Evening Thoughts: A Miscellaneous Poem
(London, Longman, and Wakefield, J. Hurst, 1810). The partnership of the printer E. Waller and publisher J. Hurst was also responsible for Buckworth's
A Series of Discourses
…
Preached in the Parish Church of Dewsbury Yorkshire
: see above n.38. I have been unable to locate Nunn's copy referred to in L&D, 56. Though this is Patrick's first identified publication I suspect he may have published at Wellington where he mixed in highly literate circles and work by his vicar, John Eyton, had been published by Edward Houlston, the Shropshire printer and publisher who lived and worked in the town: see above, p.994 n.123. Houlston later appears as one of the book's sellers on the title page of PB,
Cottage Poems
(Halifax, P.K. Holden, 1811) [
Brontëana
, 17].

45.
L&D, 56–7. The Latin phrase on the title page is ‘Dum, operosa parvus carmina fingo: me quoque, qui facio, judice, digna lini plurima cerno'. Patrick borrowed ‘oper-osa parvus carmina fingo' from Horace,
Odes
, iv no.2, ll.31–2but apparently constructed the rest of the sentence himself.

46.
The quotation is from St Paul's Letter to the Corinthians, ch. 9, v.22: Patrick used it again in
The Rural Minstrel
and
The Maid of Killarney
.

47.
This quotation is from Patrick's adaptation of the poem which was published as ‘Winter-Night Meditations' in PB,
Cottage Poems
, 43–62, see esp. 51 [
Brontëana
, 40].

48.
Ibid., 53 [
Brontëana
, 40].

49.
Ibid., 7–8 [
Brontëana
, 19].

50.
Ibid., xiv [
Brontëana
, 19–21].

51.
Ibid., 1–13, 87–93 [
Brontëana
, 22–6, 51–3].

52.
Robert Southey to CB, 12 Mar 1837: MS BS ix, S p.2, BPM [
LCB
, i, 166]. Southey is quoting Wordsworth.

53.
PB, Sermon on the Gospel According to St Matthew, ch. 3, v.11 [1811]: MS MA 2696 R-V pp.11–12, PM.

54.
PB, Sermon on the Epistle of Paul to the Romans, ch. 2, vv.28–9 [
c
.1811]: MS BS 150 pp.2–3, 8, 19, BPM.

55.
PB to Joseph Buckle, 31 July 1811: MS ADM 1811, Borthwick [
LRPB
, 28–9].

56.
PB, Letters Testimonial from Dewsbury, 27 Aug 1811 and John Buckworth to the Archbishop of York, 30 Aug 1811: MS ADM 1811, Borthwick.

57.
Lesley Kipling and Nick Hall,
On the Trail of the Luddites
([Hebden Bridge, 1982]), 3.

58.
Ibid., 7. L&D, 121 identify Patrick as ‘A Cottage Writer', author of ‘A Letter to the Labouring Poor, on the Distresses of the Times',
The Cottage Magazine
(1816), 382–5, an article condemning violence and telling the poor to look to God for comfort. Though the author is clearly an Evangelical Irishman with a Yorkshire parish and one would have expected Patrick to contribute to a magazine edited by his vicar, John Buckworth, I remain unconvinced because of the difference in style from Patrick's usual work.

59.
Kipling and Hall,
On the Trail of the Luddites
, 9.

60.
Ibid., 31–6, 38–42. The best and most vivid account of the attack appeared in
LM
, 18 Apr 1812 p.3; Charlotte used this version when writing
Shirley
: see below p.656.