Brontës (224 page)

112.
HM to ABN, [
c
.7Nov 1857]: MS HM 105 pp.1, 4, Birmingham.

113.
ABN to HM, 9Nov 1857: MS HM 93 p.3, Birmingham.

114.
HM to ABN, 10 Nov 1857: MS HM 94, Birmingham; ABN to HM, 11 Nov 1857: MS HM 95 p.3, Birmingham; PB to HM, 11 Nov 1857: MS HM 96 p.3, Birmingham [
LRPB
, 267–8].

115.
HM to ABN, 13 Nov 1857: 13 Nov 1857: MS HM 98, Birmingham; John Greenwood to ABN, 12 Nov 1857: MS HM 97, Birmingham; ABN to HM, 14 Nov 1857: MS HM 99 p.3, Birmingham.

116.
HM to ABN, 13 Nov 1857: 13 Nov 1857: MS HM 98, Birmingham; ABN to HM, 14 Nov 1857: MS HM 100, Birmingham.

117.
HM to Mr Graves, 23 Nov 1857: MS BS ix, M, BPM [
BST
:18:95:396], where Martineau claims Nicholls had earnestly requested her to burn his last letter which was ‘wholly self-excusing … he desired to obtain my good opinion before we parted'. See also HM to Mr Graves, 16 Nov [1857]: MS BS ix, M, BPM [
BST
:16:83:199].

118.
PB to ECG, 30 July 1857: MS EL B121 p.3, Rylands [
LRPB
, 258].

CHAPTER TWENTY-EIGHT: THE END OF ALL

Title: PBB, The End of All, 15 Dec 1837 [
HG
, 5 June 1847 p.6].

1.
ABN to GS, 9May 1857: MS File 8 no.29 pp.1–2, JMA; ABN to GS, 23 May 1857: MS File 8no.30 p.1, JMA. Nicholls' foreword, dated 22 Sept 1856, appeared after Charlotte's preface in the first edition [CB,
The Professor
, Clarendon Edn, 4]; CB, Draft Preface to The Professor, [
c
.Nov 1849]: MS MA 32, PM [CB,
The Professor
, 1–2]. The manuscript of the book, originally entitled ‘The Master', is dated 27 June 1846: MS MA 31, PM.

2.
Smith, Elder & Co. Publication Ledgers, ii, 882 (
The Professor
); i, 406–8(
Jane Eyre
); ii, 944–5(
Shirley
); ii, 944–6 (
Villette
); ii, 997 (
Wuthering Heights & Agnes Grey
), JMA. A cheap edition of
The Professor
, with the addition of some poems, was published in August 1860: I am grateful to Margaret Smith for this reference.

3.
[E.S. Dallas],
BM
, July 1857 pp.77–94 [Allott, 361]; [W.C. Roscoe],
National Review
, June 1857 pp.127–64 [Allott, 355–6]. Roscoe's opinion echoes that of Gaskell who thought it the only justification for publishing the novel: ECG to Emily Shaen, 7–8Sept 1856 [C&P, 410]. For reviewers who doubted the wisdom of publishing
The Professor
see, for example, [W.C. Roscoe],
National Review
, June 1857 pp.127–64 [Allott, 355]; unsigned review,
Athenaeum
, 13 June 1857 pp.755–7 [Allott, 344–5]; [Margaret Sweat],
North American Review
, Oct 1857 pp.293–329 [Allott, 383–4].

4.
ABN to GS, 27 June 1857: MS File 8no.2 p.2, JMA.

5.
BO
, 7May 1857 p.5.

6.
ABN to GS, 23 May 1857: MS File 8no.30 p.3, JMA. The example he cited was that of Elizabeth Greenwood, who had been seduced by her brother-in-law, William Sugden, during her sister's pregnancy: she was readily identifiable from Gaskell's description: Sarah Fermi, ‘A “Religious” Family Disgraced',
BST
:20:5:289–95.

7.
ABN to GS, 23 May 1857: MS File 8no.30 pp.6–7, JMA.

8.
BO
, 2July 1857 p.5;
LI
, 4 July 1857 p.7. Inn-keepers were known as ‘bonifaces' after Boniface, the inn-keeper in George Farquhar's play
The Beaux' Stratagem
(1707).

9.
'J.W.E.', ‘A Day at Haworth', [Aug 1857],
BO
, 19 Nov 1857 p.8; J. Copley, ‘An Early Visitor to Haworth [Walter White]',
BST
:16:83:220–1.

10.
PB to ECG, 31 Aug 1857: MS EL B121 p.4, Rylands [
LRPB
, 264].

11.
LI
, 22 Aug 1857 p.7; PB to ECG, 24 Aug 1857: MS EL B121 p.4, Rylands [
LRPB
, 261]. The invitation is inferred from a scrap of paper dated ‘Bolton Abbey Aug 27 1857', bearing the ducal coronet, on the back of which is written ‘I venture to propose that in September which is a good time for seeing this [lacuna] he': Duke of Devonshire to ABN, 27 Aug 1857: MS in private hands.

12.
'J.W.E.', ‘A Day at Haworth', [Aug 1857],
BO
, 19 Nov 1857 p.8.

13.
Benson's account of his visit was published in
The Times
, 22 Sept 1933 and reprinted in
BST
:8:44:36. See also E.W. Benson to Lightfoot, 25 Jan 1858 [Benson,
The Life of Edward White Benson
, i, 133] announcing his visit that day. He became Archbishop of Canterbury in 1882.

14.
PB to Sir Joseph Paxton, 16 Jan 1858: MS MA 269 R-V pp.2–3, PM [
LRPB
, 270]. The ‘mercenary' may actually have been Gaskell who, in September 1857, stayed at Chatsworth where Paxton acted ‘quite the master of the place' on behalf of the deaf and wheelchair-bound duke: she was quite capable of suggesting that the duke should contribute to the Haworth subscription fund: ECG to Marianne Gaskell, [13–14 Sept 1857] [C&P, 470–3].

15.
PB to Revd James Cheadle, 29 Aug 1857: MS BS 204.5 pp.1–2, BPM [
LRPB
, 262].

16.
PB to Mrs Nunn, 1 Feb 1858: MS n.l. [
LRPB
, 270–1]; PB to Mrs Nunn, 26 Oct 1859: MS n.l. [
LRPB
, 284].

17.
PB to Revd Robinson Pool, 18 Mar 1858: MS BS 206 p.1, BPM [
LRPB
, 272].

18.
BO
, 1Apr 1858 p.4. Morgan's funeral sermon was preached at his former church, Christ Church, Bradford, on 11 April 1858 by Revd Joshua Fawcett, ‘one of Mr Morgan's oldest friends in the parish': ibid., 8Apr 1858 p.5.

19.
Ibid., 1Apr 1858 p.5;
LI
, 3 Apr 1858 p.7;
BO
, 6May 1858 p.5. The new tablet was erected on 1April 1858. See also Meta Gaskell to unidentified, 25 Oct 1860: MS Ashley 2829, BL [L&D, 521] for Brown's account of breaking up and burying the old memorials. J.B. Leyland, who might other-wise have secured the commission for the new tablet, had died on 26 January 1851:
HG
, 10 May 1851 p.8.

20.
C.H. Lemon, ‘An American Visitor for Mr Brontë [James Hoppin]':
BST
:
15:79:329–30. The date of Hoppin's visit is deduced from the fact that Patrick was still preaching and his remarking on the ‘new marble tablet'. Patrick's attack of bronchitis is mentioned in PB to Revd Robinson Pool, 18 Mar 1858: MS BS 206 p.1, BPM [
LRPB
, 272].

21.
[Hoppin],
BST
:15:79:329–30.

22.
Reid, 194–5 quoting Henry Jarvis Raymond,
c
.1858–9.

23.
See, for example, PB to unidentified, 10 Nov 1858: MS in Texas [
LRPB
, 275]; PB to Franklin Bacheller, 22 Dec 1858: MS MA 2696 R-V, PM [
LRPB
, 277]; PB to Mrs Abba Woolson, 16 July 1859: MS 3158/1–3, TCD. All 3 applicants were sent pieces cut from CB to PB, 9 June 1849: see above p.1097, n.99.

24.
LI
, 10 Oct 1857 p.6; L&D, 438.

25.
See, for example, the report in the
Halifax Courier
, 18 Apr 1858 p.2.

26.
Bradford Review
, 23 Oct 1858 p.2. Parker sang at a benefit concert for a widow and her children at Hall Green Baptist Chapel on Christmas Eve 1860:
Halifax Courier
, 5Jan 1861 p.5.

27.
Thackeray lectured on ‘The Four Georges' in the Mechanics' Institutes of Bradford and Halifax in the winter of 1856:
BO
, 11 Dec 1856 p.5; 18 Dec 1856 p.8;
HG
, 13 Dec 1856 p.5; 14 Feb 1857 p.7. Gaskell, who was angry that he never wrote to Patrick after Charlotte's death, thought he ought to use the opportunity to go to Haworth: ‘it would gratify poor old Mr Brontë if he did!' but he did not: ECG to GS, [?1 Oct 1859] and 11 Dec [1856] [C&P, 576, 424]. Dickens gave readings in the same towns from December 1854:
BO
, 21 Dec 1854 p.5; 14 Oct 1858 p.5; 27 Oct 1859 p.5;
HG
, 18 Nov 1854 p.5;
Halifax Courier
, 18 Sept 1858 p.5. Ruskin gave the inaugural lecture at the new school of the Bradford Mechanics' Institute:
BO
, 3Mar 1859 p.5.

28.
Ibid., 6 Jan 1859 p.5;
Bradford Review
, 8 Jan 1859 p.4;
LM
, 8Jan 1859 p.7 (Keighley). Massey's lecture was drawn entirely from the first edition of ECG,
Life
. He returned again with his lecture to Bradford in 1860 and printed an article on Charlotte in Abraham Holroyd's publication,
The Bradfordian
, in 1861:
Bradford Review
, 20 Oct 1860 p.4;
LM
20 Oct 1860 p.7;
BO
, 3Jan 1861 p.5.

29.
PB to John Milligan, 25 Jan 1859: MS BS 208, BPM [
LRPB
, 277–8];
Bradford Review
, 15 June 1861 p.6.

30.
Eight copies were sent to the parsonage: Martha Brown to Abraham Holroyd, 10 Aug 1859: MS BS ix, B, BPM [
L&L
, iv, 235]. Holroyd had visited Haworth in the summer of 1853 shortly after his return from America. Having read
Jane Eyre
and
Shirley
there, he was determined to meet Charlotte and travelled to Haworth one Sunday to attend church. He waited for her at the end of the service and presented her with a copy of the Book of Common Prayer used in the American Episcopal Church. As a child living in Clayton he remembered hearing Patrick preach at the Old Bell Chapel, Thornton: Scruton, 111–15, quoting Abraham Holroyd.

31.
ECG to GS, 17 Mar [1858] [C&P, 495–6]; ECG to GS, [?1Oct 1859] [C&P, 577].

32.
ABN to GS, 11 Oct 1859: MS File 8no.3, JMA [
BST
:19:3:102]; ABN to GS, 14 Oct 1859: MS File 8no.4, JMA [
BST
:19:3:102–3].

33.
ABN to GS, 17 Oct 1859: MS File 8no.5pp.1–2, JMA; ABN to GS, 11 Nov 1859: MS File 8no.7p.1, JMA [
BST
:19:3:103].

34.
Ibid., p.2; ABN to GS, 23 Dec 1859: MS File 8no.8, JMA.

35.
ABN to GS, 25 Jan 1860: MS File 8no.9, JMA; ABN to GS, 27 Jan 1860: MS File 8no.10 p.2, JMA.

36.
PB to GS, 26 Mar 1860: MS SG 93 pp.1–2, BPM [
LRPB
, 286]; ABN to GS, 11 Apr 1860: File 8no.13 p.2, JMA; CB, ‘The Last Sketch',
Cornhill Magazine
, i (Jan–June 1860) 485–98.

37.
EJB, The Outcast Mother,
Cornhill Magazine
, i (Jan–June 1860), 616; CB, Watching and Wishing and ‘When thou sleepest' ibid, ii (July–Dec 1860), 741 and ibid., iv (July–Dec 1861), 178 respectively. For Nicholls' letters to George Smith regarding poems for publication, 31 Jan 1860–4Apr 1861 see File 8, nos.11, 13, 15–19, JMA.

38.
Lord Houghton Commonplace Book, 1857–60: MS at TCC; T.W. Reid,
The Life, Letters and Friendships of Lord Houghton
(London, 1890), i, 527. Mrs Gaskell, Patrick and Arthur cannot have been aware that Richard Monckton Milnes had a prized collection of pornography, which may explain his pursuit of, and interest in, John Brown's letters from Branwell: see Robert B. Martin,
Tennyson: The Unquiet Heart
(Oxford, 1980), 96, 420, 541. I am grateful to Margaret Smith for this reference.

39.
ABN to Richard Monckton Milnes, 21 Dec 1859: MS pp.1–2, TCC. Francis Leyland claimed to possess 112 letters from Branwell to his brother, though only a fraction of these are extant: Anonymous Memo,
Visit to Mr Leyland, n.d.: MS BS x, V, BPM [
BST
:12:63:200–2].

40.
Marriages, Haworth (24 Feb 1857); Baptisms, Haworth (26 Apr 1857; 14 Nov 1858); Burials, Haworth (26 Oct 1858). The story is only told from the Greenwood point of view and is repeated in ECG to WSW, 20 Dec 1860 [C&P, 641–2] and Meta Gaskell to unidentified, 25 Oct 1860: MS Ashley 2829, BL [L&D, 521–2]. Meta says the child was 6 months old but the date of birth she gives and the baptismal register both agree he was 9months old.

41.
BO
, 9Aug 1860 p.5, correcting a report in the
Halifax Courier
, 4 Aug 1860 p.4that Patrick had taken a final leave of his parishioners on 21 July 1860. The 30 October 1859 date for his last sermon is confirmed by William Wright, memo, 12 Aug 1860: MS BS ix, W, BPM. The
Halifax Courier
's dating is accepted by L&D, 518, who did not see the correction that followed.

42.
ABN to GS, 27 Jan 1860: MS File 8 no.10 p.4, JMA; ABN to GS, 29 Feb 1860: MS File 8no.12 pp.2–3, JMA. See also ABN to Richard Monckton Milnes, 21 Dec 1859: MS pp.2–3, TC.

43.
BO
, 9Aug 1860 p.5; 16 Aug 1860 p.5; Baptisms, Haworth (5 Aug 1860). The Bishop of Ripon was now Robert Bickersteth, Clifford Longley having translated to the see of Durham in 1856.

44.
Halifax Courier
, 21 July 1860 p.4;
BO
, 9Aug 1860 p.5. The denial of the report seems to have originated with Nicholls or at least to have been authorized by him.

45.
BO
, 13 Sept 1860 p.5.

46.
PB to ECG, 2 Oct 1860: MS EL B121, Rylands [
LRPB
, 288–9]; Meta Gaskell to unidentified, 25 Oct 1860: MS Ashley 2829, BL [L&D, 519], referring to the note as ‘a few tremulous, feeble lines'.

47.
ibid. [L&D, 519–21]; ECG to WSW, 20 Dec 1860 [C&P, 641]; ECG to GS, [23 Aug 1857] [C&P, 468].

48.
ECG to WSW, 20 Dec 1860 [C&P, 641]; Meta Gaskell to unidentified, 25 Oct 1860: MS Ashley 2829, BL [L&D, 522].

49.
ABN to GS, 30 Oct 1860: MS File 8no.17 p.2, JMA; ABN to GS, 23 Nov 1860: MS File 8no.19 p.2, JMA;
Bradford Review
, 12 Jan 1861 p.8;
BO
, 17 Jan 1861 p.5.

50.
PB, Account Book,
c
.1845–61: MS BS 173 p.3, BPM.

51.
Halifax Courier
, 16 Feb 1861 p.5; 23 Mar 1861 p.5.

52.
ABN to GS, 4Apr 1861: MS File 8no.18 pp.1–2, JMA; Venn, iv, 573.

53.
ABN to GS, 25 June 1861: MS File 8no.20 p.2, JMA;
Bradford Review
, 8June 1861 p.5. For other obituaries, nearly all quoting extensively from ECG,
Life
see:
LM
, 11 June 1861 p.3;
BO
, 13 June 1861 p.5;
HG
, 15 June 1861 p.5;
LI
, 15 June 1861 p.5;
Halifax Courier
, 15 June 1861 p.5. Freed from the constraints Patrick had imposed on him during his lifetime, Dearden took the opportunity to write an obituary defending Patrick against Gaskell's claims: William Dearden in
BO
, 27 June 1861 p.7.