Can't Stop Won't Stop (81 page)

16.
Ibid., 21.

17.
Toure Muhammad,
Chronology of Nation of Islam History: Highlights of the Honorable Minister Louis Farrakhan and the Nation of Islam, 1977–1996
(Chicago: Steal Away Productions, 1996), 40.

18.
Ibid., 55.

19.
Manning Marable,
Beyond Black and White: Transforming African American Politics
(New York: Verso, 1995), 223–224.

20.
Andrea Ford, “Farrakhan Says U.S. Should View Nation of Islam As Friend,”
Los Angeles Times
(February 4, 1990), B1.

21.
Muhammad,
Chronology of Nation of Islam History,
45–46.

22.
Howard Kurtz, “Drug Plague a Racist Conspiracy?”
Washington Post
(January 2, 1990), E1. Muhammad,
Chronology of Nation of Islam History
, 45–46.

23.
Michael Powell, “Fear of Race Violence Rising in New York City,”
The Record
(June 21, 1987).

24.
Robert McFadden, “Black Man Dies After Beating by Whites in Queens,”
New York Times
(December 21, 1986).

25.
Michael Oreskes, “Why Howard Beach?”
New York Times
(January 15, 1987). See also John H. Mollenkopf,
New York City in the 1980s: A Social, Economic and Political Atlas
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1993), 42–43.

26.
Richard Stengel, “Black vs. White in Howard Beach,”
Time
(January 5, 1984), 48.

27.
Robert McFadden, “The Howard Beach Inquiry: Many Key Questions Persist,”
New York Times
(December 28, 1986).

28.
Powell, “Fear of Race Violence.”

29.
Esther Pessin, United Press International wire report (December 23, 1986).

30.
Jeffrey Page and Victor E. Sasson, “New York Blacks Stage Day of Protest,”
The Record
(January 22, 1987).

12. What We Got to Say: Black Suburbia, Segregation and Utopia in the Late 1980s.

  
1.
Frank Owen, “Def Not Dumb,”
Melody Maker
(March 21, 1987).

  
2.
Minerbrook, “Blacks Locked Out” (see chap. 11, n. 14).

  
3.
“Viewpoints: The Walls Between Us,”
Newsday
(October 15, 1990), 40.

  
4.
“A World Apart: How Long Island's School Districts Can Be Desegregated,”
Newsday
(January 13, 1991).

  
5.
Clay F. Richards, “Poll: Prejudice a Fact of Life,”
Newsday
(September 17, 1990).

  
6.
Clifford May, “On Long Island, Fights Follow a Film on Rap Music,”
New York Times
(November 6, 1985), B1.

  
7.
Bill Mason and Richard C. Firstman, “Police Relations with Black Communities Still Strained,”
Newsday
(September 17, 1990).

  
8.
Ellis Cose,
The Rage of a Privileged Class
(New York: Harper Collins, 1993), 38.

  
9.
Richards, “Poll: Prejudice a Fact of Life.”

10.
Ibid.

11.
Owen, “Def Not Dumb.”

12.
Ibid.

13.
Danny Kelly, “Rhyme and Reason,”
New Musical Express
(October 8, 1988), 54.

14.
Harry Allen, “Public Enemy: Leading a Radio Rebellion,”
Black Radio Exclusive
(February 26, 1988), 9–10.

15.
Ibid.

16.
Jonathan Gold, “Enemy of the People,”
LA Weekly
(January 6–12, 1989), 18.

17.
Simon Reynolds, “Strength to Strength,”
Melody Maker
(October 17, 1987), 14.

18.
Cynthia Horner, “Meet Public Enemy!”
Right On!
(October 1987).

19.
Paul Cruikshank, “Public Enemy: The Complete Rap,”
Valley Regional
(November 1988). John Leland, “Do the Right Thing,”
Spin
(September 1989), 72.

20.
Chuck D with Yusef Jah,
Fight the Power: Rap, Race and Reality
(New York: Delacorte Press, 1997), 216–217.

21.
Reynolds, “Strength to Strength,” 15.

22.
John Leland, “Noise Annoys,”
Village Voice
(April 21, 1987).

23.
Sean O'Hagan, “Rebels with a Cause,”
New Musical Express
(October 10, 1987), 52.

24.
R. J. Smith, “Swing Shift: Living Room,”
Village Voice
(April 26, 1988).

25.
Marcus Reeves, “Allah's Messenger,”
The Source
(December 1997), 98.

26.
Jefferson Mao (Chairman Mao), “The Microphone God,”
Vibe
(December 1997), 134.

27.
Nick Smash, “The Dollar Sign,”
Echoes
(November 21, 1987), 14.

28.
Harry Allen, “Soul Power,”
Spin
(December 1987), 61.

29.
Robert L. Doerschuk, “Hank Shocklee: Bomb Squad Leader Declares War on Music,”
Keyboard
(September 1990), 96.

30.
O'Hagan, “Rebels with a Cause,” 15.

13. Follow for Now: The Question of Post–Civil Rights Black Leadership.

  
1.
Christopher Dickey, “That's the Truth Ruth,”
Newsweek
(July 3, 1989), 66.

  
2.
O'Hagan, “Rebels with a Cause,” 52 (see chap. 12, n. 23).

  
3.
Harry Allen, “Grandmaster Flash Takes Aim at Public Enemy,”
The City Sun
(January 1988).

  
4.
Marshall Frady,
Jesse: The Life and Pilgrimage of Jesse Jackson
(New York: Random House, 1996), 343.

  
5.
Ibid., 348.

  
6.
Muhammad,
Chronology of Nation of Islam History,
27 (see chap. 11, n. 17). “Farrakhan Says He Called Judaism ‘Dirty Religion,' Not ‘Gutter,' ” Associated Press wire report (June 29, 1984).

  
7.
Arthur Magida,
Prophet of Rage: A Life of Louis Farrakhan and His History
(New York: Basic Books, 1996), 149.

  
8.
Muhammad,
Chronology of Nation of Islam History,
25–26 (see chap. 11, n. 17).

  
9.
Adolph Reed,
The Jesse Jackson Phenomenon: The Crisis of Purpose in Afro-American Politics
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986), 101

10.
Warren Weaver Jr., “Warning from Koch,”
New York Times
(April 2, 1988).

11.
Elizabeth Colton,
The Jackson Phenomenon
(New York: Doubleday, 1989), 215.

12.
Cruikshank, “Public Enemy: The Complete Rap,” 11 (see chap. 12, n. 19).

13.
Lisa Y. Sullivan, “The Demise of Black Civil Society: Once Upon A Time When We Were Colored Meets the Hip-Hop Generation,”
Social Policy
(Winter 1996), 7.

14.
Trey Ellis, “The New Black Aesthetic,”
Callaloo
(12)1 (Winter 1989), 236, 237.

15.
Ibid., 240.

16.
Tate,
Flyboy,
199 (see chap. 10, n. 21).

17.
Ibid., 127,129.

18.
Ibid., 125.

19.
National Urban League,
Stop the Violence: Overcoming Self Destruction,
ed. Nelson George (New York: Pantheon Books, 1990), 12.

20.
Robert Palmer,
Deep Blues
(New York and London: Penguin Books, 1981), 27.

21.
Chuck D, interview by John Leland, unpublished transcript (July 17, 1988); from Bill Adler's Hip-Hop Archives.

22.
“Public Enemy—Rebels on Fast Forward,”
Caribbean Times
(UK) (November 27, 1987), 17. Julian Rake, “Behind Enemy Lines,
Sounds
(November 7, 1987), 40.

23.
Ed Guerrero,
Do the Right Thing
(London: British Film Institute, 2001), 33, 84.

24.
Jack Kroll, “How Hot Is Too Hot?: The Fuse Has Been Lit,”
Newsweek
(July 3, 1989),64.

25.
David Denby, “He's Gotta Have It,”
New York
(June 26, 1989), 53.

26.
Joe Klein, “Spiked?”
New York
(June 26, 1989), 14–15.

27.
Ibid. Emphasis in original text.

28.
Stanley Crouch, “Do the Race Thing,”
Village Voice
(June 20, 1989), 74.

29.
Ibid., 74–76.

30.
Kelly, “Rhyme and Reason,” 63 (see chap. 12, n. 13).

31.
Leland, “Do the Right Thing,” 72 (see chap. 12, n. 19).

32.
The Stud Brothers, “Prophets of Rage,”
Melody Maker
(July 9, 1988).

33.
The Stud Brothers, “Black Power,”
Melody Maker
(May 28, 1988).

34.
John Leland, “Armageddon in Effect,”
Spin
(September 1988), 48.

35.
David Mills, “Professor Griff: ‘The Jews Are Wicked,' ”
Washington Times
(May 22, 1989), E1.

36.
Ibid., E1–E2.

37.
Ibid., E2.

38.
R. J. Smith, “The Enemy Within,”
Village Voice
(June 20, 1989).

39.
Lewis Cole, “Def or Dumb?”
Rolling Stone
(October 19, 1989), 96.

40.
R. J. Smith, “Bring the Goys,”
Village Voice
(June 27, 1989).

41.
Chuck D, letter dated June 19, 1989; from the files of Bill Adler.

42.
Armond White, “Bought. Can We Get a Witness?”
City Sun
(June 28–July 4, 1989),15.

43.
Ibid.

44.
Leland, “Do the Right Thing,” 100 (see chap. 12, n. 19).

45.
John DeSantis,
For The Color of His Skin: The Murder of Yusuf Hawkins and the Trial of Bensonhurst
(New York: Pharos, 1991), 76.

46.
Ibid., 117.

47.
Claire Jean Kim,
Bitter Fruit: The Politics of Black-Korean Conflict in New York City
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000), 128–129.

48.
Pyong Gap Min,
Caught in the Middle: Korean Communities in New York and Los Angeles
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996), 170–172.

49.
“Boycott Public Enemy,”
New York Post
(August 20, 1989).

50.
Richard Harrington, “Public Enemy's Rap Record Stirs Jewish Protests,”
Washington Post
(December 27, 1989), D4.

51.
Harry Allen, “Why Are The Media Getting Crazed over the Cress Theory?” draft press release (May 9, 1990); from the files of Bill Adler.

14. The Culture Assassins: Geography, Generation and Gangsta Rap.

  
1.
Cross,
It's Not About a Salary,
201–202 (see chap. 10, n. 39).

  
2.
Rennie Harris, interview by Rudy Corpuz (September 16, 2003).

  
3.
Cross,
It's Not About a Salary,
102, 143 (see chap. 10, n. 39).

  
4.
Alejandro A. Alonso, “Territoriality Among African American Street Gangs” (master's thesis, University of Southern California, May 1999), 8.

  
5.
Cross,
It's Not About a Salary,
143 (see chap. 10, n. 39).

  
6.
Terry McDermott, “Parental Advisory: Explicit Lyrics,”
Los Angeles Times Magazine
(April 14, 2002). Jonathan Gold, “N.W.A.: Hard Rap and Hype from the Streets of Compton,”
Los Angeles Weekly
(May 5–May 11, 1989), 17. Frank Owen, “Hanging Tough,”
Spin
(April 1990), 34.

  
7.
George Jackson,
Soledad Brother: The Prison Letters of George Jackson
(New York: Bantam, 1970), 250.

  
8.
Alexander Cockburn, “What Goes Around, Comes Around,”
The Nation
(June 1, 1992), 739.

  
9.
J. Max Bond, “The Negro in Los Angeles” (Ph.D. diss., University of Southern California, June 1936), 12, 33. Keith E. Collins,
Black Los Angeles: The Maturing of the Ghetto, 1940–1950
(Saratoga, Calif.: Century Twenty One Publishing, 1980), 13.

10.
Bond, “The Negro in Los Angeles,” 12, 33. This man would find an ironic counterpart seventy years later in John Singleton's
Boyz N The Hood
, in the fictional character of Furious Styles, a Black real estate agent struggling to keep his area from being gentrified by whites and overseas Asians.

11.
Collins,
Black Los Angeles,
20–22.

12.
Ibid., 70.

13.
Gerald Horne,
Fire This Time: The Watts Uprisings and the 1960s
(New York: Da Capo Press, 1997), 35.

14.
This is according to the Athens Park Blood O.G. named Bone, quoted in the cover story,
F.E.D.S. Magazine
(no date), 78.

15.
James Vigil,
A Rainbow of Gangs
(Austin, Tex.: University of Texas Press, 2002), 67.

16.
This is according to the Crip O.G. named Red, in
Uprising: Crips and Bloods Tell The Story of America's Youth in the Crossfire,
ed. Yusuf Jah and Sister Shah'Keyah (New York: Touchstone, 1997).

17.
Alonso, “Territoriality Among African American Street Gangs,” 74–75.

18.
Richard Serrano, “Dreams of LAPD Class Become Tarnished,”
Los Angeles Times
(January 21, 1992), B1.

19.
This argument has been advanced most forcefully by the scholar Greg Hise. Greg Hise,
Magnetic Los Angeles
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997).

20.
Horne,
Fire This Time,
65.

21.
Mike Davis,
City of Quartz
(New York: Verso, 1990), 297–298. Horne,
Fire This Time,
99.