Cleopatra: Last Queen of Egypt (53 page)

sporadic foreign campaigns
223

refines taxation structure
223

building works
88
,
126
,
223–4

marriage to Arsinoë II
46
,
133
,
224
,
225

royal cults
38
,
224

commissions a history of Egypt
224

an inveterate womaniser
84–5

dynastic obelisk
91

designated a living god
134

plays a joke on Sosibios
156–7

Cleopatra regains his lost eastern empire
162

Ptolemy III Euergetes (Benefactor), King of Egypt (246–221)
10
,
25
,
161
,
224
,
226

building achievements
90
,
126
,
225

series of native uprisings at end of his reign
14
,
225

Ptolemy IV Philopator (Father-Loving), King of Egypt (221–205)
77
,
78

married to his younger sister, Arsinoë III
226

his mistress Agathoclea
226

defends Egypt against Antiochos III
226

improves and extends temples
226

an enthusiastic scholar
226

deeply unpopular
226–7

native revolts during his reign
14
,
227

his magnificent barge
99–100

Adonis
226

Ptolemy V Epiphanes (Manifest God), King of Egypt (205–180)

guardians of
227

rebellion in the Delta
227

agreement with the Egyptian priesthood
227–8

marriage to Cleopatra I
25
,
228

southern uprisings
14

loss of many foreign territories
228

death
136
,
228

Ptolemy VI Philometor (Mother-Loving), King of Egypt (180–164, 163–145)
137

regents for
136
,
229

triumvirate of Ptolemies VI and VIII with Cleopatra II
229

captured by Antiochos IV
229

rival courts
229

distracted by civil unrest
229

flees to Rome, then Cyprus
229

returns to rule with Cleopatra II
230

temple restorations
230

regains many of Egypt’s lost territories
230

dies in battle in Syria
230
,
231

Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator (New Father-Loving), King of Egypt (145)
230
,
232

Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II (Benefactor): ‘Physcon’ (Pot-Belly) or ‘Kakergetes’ (Malefactor), King of Egypt (170–163,
145–116
)
11
,
38
,
62
,
126

rules Egypt with Ptolemy VI and Cleopatra II
137
,
229
,
230

seizes the throne and rules with Cleopatra II
229
,
230

Alexandrian mob turns against him
229–30

highly unpopular king of Cyrenaica
230

friendship with Rome
230–31

attempted assassination
231

purges the Museion and Library of Alexandria
83
,
231

marries his widowed sister and murders her son
230
,
231–2

ménage à trois with Cleopatras II and III
137–8
,
231
,
232

exiled in Cyprus
231
,
232

returns to Egypt (130)
231
,
232

story of murderous elephants
77

appearance
83

donations to traditional gods
127

death and inheritance
231

Ptolemy IX Soter II (Saviour): ‘Latyros’ (Chickpea), King of Egypt (116–107, 88–81)
11
,
31
,
231

marries Cleopatra IV, then Cleopatra Selene
233

driven out by Alexandrians
78

rules Cyprus
233

returns to rule Egypt
233

death of
10
,
11

Ptolemy X Alexander I, King of Egypt (107–88)
24

murders his mother and marries his niece
233

favourable treatment of the Jews
233

seizes Alexander’s gold coffin
74

forced to flee
233

wills the Egyptian empire to the Romans
11
,
35
,
233–4

Ptolemy XI Alexander II, King of Egypt (80)

marries Cleopatra Berenice
10

murders his wife
11
,
234

killed by the people of Alexandria
11
,
78
,
234

Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos (New Dionysos): ‘Auletes’ (Flute Player), King of Egypt (80–58, 55–51)
8
,
33
,
57
,
62
,
155
,
201

Cleopatra VII’s father
7

identification with Dionysos
11
,
12
,
139

crowned (76)
11
,
141

nicknames
13

marriage to Cleopatra V
23

task of preserving a dying dynasty
234–5

cooperation with Rome
34

levies stringent taxes
34
,
38
,
235

buys a few more years independence for Egypt
34

borrows from Rabirius
34
,
52

Berenice IV rules in his absence
35
,
235

restored to his throne
37
,
235
,
236

execution of Berenice IV
37
,
236

illegitimacy
27

manages to preserve his throne
40

investment in traditional temple building
40
,
121
,
126
,
244
n
21

donations to traditional gods
127

and Pasherenptah III
141
,
142

death
39
,
42

his will
39–40
,
43
,
49
,
58

Ptolemy XIII, King of Egypt (51–47)
8
,
27
,
32
,
95
,
122
,
170
,
235
, 467

education
32

joint reign with Cleopatra VII
5
,
40
,
42
,
44
,
46
,
58
,
94
,
237

decision to help Gnaeus Pompey
47–8

retrospectively claims sole rule
48

Pompey as his legal guardian
49

and murder of Pompey
51
,
237

controlled by a clique of advisers
53

bluffs Caesar
97

drowns
97
,
237

an imposter’s claim
155

Ptolemy XIV, King of Egypt (47–44)
8
,
27
,
95
,
106
,
122
,
170
,
235

king of Cyprus
58
,
237