Climbing Up to Glory (38 page)

Ibid., 65-66.

Katz,
Black Indians,
174-75.

Lanning,
The African-American Soldier,
70; Monroe Lee Billington, New Mexico's
Buffalo Soldiers, 1866-1900
(Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1991), preface xi.

Foner,
Blacks and the Military,
53; Lanning,
The African-American Soldier,
73.

Lanning,
The African-American Soldier,
73-74; Frank N. Schubert,
Black Valor: Buffalo Soldiers and the Medal of Honor
,
1870-1898
(Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 1997), 19-22.

Donaldson,
The History of African-Americans, 61-62.

Foner,
Blacks and the Military,
57.

Katz,
Black Indians,
175-76.

Donaldson,
The History of African-Americans,
58.

Foner,
Blacks and the Military,
53; Lanning,
The African-American Soldier,
76.

Katz,
Black Indians,
176; Donaldson,
The History of African-Americans,
66.

See, for example, Kenneth L. Kusmer,
A Ghetto Takes Shape: Black Cleveland, 1870-1930
(Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1976), 38; and Salem, The Journey, 226.

George P. Rawick, ed., The American Slave: A Composite Autobiography (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1977), Vol. 10, Mississippi Narratives, Part 5, 2155.

Ibid., Vol. 3, Texas Narratives, Part 2, 477.

Ibid., Vol. 3, Texas Narratives, Part 2, 564.

Ibid., Vol. 3, Texas Narratives, Part 2, 923.

Peter Randolph, Sketches of Slave Life (Boston, 1855), 53-54.

Reverend Philo Tower, Slavery Unmasked: Being
a
Truthful Narrative of
a Three Years' Residence and Journeying in Eleven Southern States
(1856; reprint ed., New York: Negro Universities Press, 1969), 307-8.

Elizabeth Hyde Botume,
First Days amongst the Contrabands
(Boston: Lee and Shepard, 1893), 164.

Rawick, ed.,
The American Slave,
Vol. 6, Mississippi Narratives, Part 1, 179.

Ibid., Vol. 7, Mississippi Narratives, Part 2, 410.

Ibid., Vol. 9, Mississippi Narratives, Part 4, 1399-1400.

Ibid., Vol. 1, Alabama Narratives, 138.

Ibid., Vol. 3, Georgia Narratives, Part 1, 79-80.

Ibid., Vol. 8, Mississippi Narratives, Part 3, 1080.

Fredrika Bremer,
The Homes of the New World; Impressions of America,
2 vols. (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1853), 1:376.

Rawick, ed.,
The American Slave,
Vol. 6, Texas Narratives, Part 5, 2345-2346.

Ibid., Vol. 5, Texas Narratives, Part 4, 1704.

James Mellon, ed.,
Bullwhip Days: The Slaves Remember, An Oral History
(New York: Avon Books, 1988), 146-47.

John W. Blassingame, ed.,
Slave Testimony: Two Centuries of Letters, Speeches, Interviews, and Autobiographies
(Baton Rouge and London: Louisiana State University Press, 1977), 592.

Rawick, ed.,
The American Slave,
Vol. 9, Texas Narratives, Part 8, 3651.

Ibid., Vol. 7, Mississippi Narratives, Part 2, 381-82.

Ibid., Vol. 5, Texas Narratives, Part 4, 1853-1854.

Hampton Institute,
The Negro in Virginia: Compiled by Workers of the Writers' Program of the Work Projects Administration in the State of Virginia
(New York: Hastings House, 1940), 85.

Robert H. Abzug, “The Black Family during Reconstruction,” in Key
Issues in the Afro-American Experience,
ed. Nathan I. Huggins, Martin Kilson, and Daniel M. Fox (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1971), 31.

C. Vann Woodward, ed.,
After the War: A Tour of the Southern States, 1865-1866
(By Whitelaw Reid) (New York: Harper and Row, 1965), 126.

Ira Berlin and Leslie S. Rowland, eds.,
Families and Freedom: A Documentary History of African-American Kinship in the Civil War Era
(New York: New Press, 1992), 163-64.

Ibid., 168-70.

Botume,
First Days,
158.

Rawick, ed.,
The American Slave,
Vol. 2, Texas Narratives, Part 1, 120.

Ibid., Vol. 1, Alabama Narratives, 467.

Ibid., Vol. 6, Texas Narratives, Part 5, 2286-2287.

Ibid., Vol. 8, Mississippi Narratives, Part 3, 926.

Ibid., Vol. 5, Texas Narratives, Part 4, 1543-1544.

Ibid., Vol. 9, Texas Narratives, Part 8, 3450.

Ibid., Vol. 6, Texas Narratives, Part 5, 2096-2098.

Botume,
First Days,
157.

Woodward, ed.,
After the War,
127.

Rawick, ed.,
The American Slave,
Vol. 5, Texas Narratives, Part 4, 1585.

Blassingame, ed.,
Slave Testimony,
483.

Ibid., 499.

Mellon, ed.,
Bullwhip Days,
278-79.

Rawick, ed.,
The American Slave,
Vol. 4, Texas Narratives, Part 3,1058.

Ibid., Vol. 7, Mississippi Narratives, Part 2, 721.

Ibid., Vol. 8, Mississippi Narratives, Part 3, 854.

Ibid., Vol. 3, Texas Narratives, Part 2, 538.

Ibid., Vol. 5, Indiana and Ohio Narratives, 441.

Ibid., Vol. 6, Mississippi Narratives, Part 1, 158.

Ibid., Vol. 2, Texas Narratives, Part 1, 344.

Ibid., Vol. 7, Mississippi Narratives, Part 2, 444-45.

Ibid., Vol. 10, Mississippi Narratives, Part 5, 1996.

Botume,
First Days,
159-60.

Rawick, ed.,
The American Slave,
Vol. 3, Georgia Narratives, Part 1, 261-62.

Mellon, ed.,
Bullwhip Days,
423-24.

Rawick, ed.,
The American Slave,
Vol.10, Mississippi Narratives, Part 5, 2234.

Ibid., Vol. 10, Texas Narratives, Part 9, 4105.

Mellon, ed.,
Bullwhip
Days, 352.

Rawick, ed.,
The American Slave,
Vol. 10, Texas Narratives, Part 9, 4117-4123; Wilma King,
Stolen Childhood: Slave Youth in Nineteenth-Century America
(Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1995), 149.

Berlin and Rowland, eds.,
Families and Freedom,
171-72.

Rawick, ed.,
The American Slave,
Vol. 2, Texas Narratives, Part 1, 100.

Ibid., Vol. 6, Mississippi Narratives, Part 1, 232.

Ibid., Vol. 9, Mississippi Narratives, Part 4, 1734.

Eric Foner,
Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877
(New York: Harper and Row, 1988), 84.

Rawick, ed.,
The American Slave,
Vol. 5, Texas Narratives, Part 4,1901.

Gary B. Nash,
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society,
2 vols. (New York: Harper and Row, 1990), 1:543; C. Peter Ripley, “The Black Family in Transition: Louisiana, 1860-1865.”
Journal of Southern History
41, no. 3 (August 1975): 379.

Leslie A. Schwalm,
A Hard Fight for We: Women's Transition from Slavery to Freedom in South Carolina
(Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1997), 244.

Noralee Frankel,
Break Those Chains at Last: African Americans, 1860-
1880 (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), 102.

Berlin and Rowland, eds.,
Families and Freedom,
172-73.

Abzug, “The Black Family,” 31.

Foner,
Reconstruction,
82.

Wayne E. Reilly, ed.,
Sarah Jane Foster: Teacher of the Freedmen, A Diary and Letters
(Charlottesville and London: University Press of Virginia, 1990), 104.

Foner,
Reconstruction,
84.

Botume,
First Days,
163-64.

Jacqueline Baldwin Walker, “Blacks in North Carolina during Reconstruction” (Ph.D. diss., Duke University, 1979), 129.

Jeffrey J. Crow, Paul D. Escott, and Flora J. Hatley
A History of African Americans in North Carolina
(Raleigh: North Carolina Division of Archives and History, 1992), 83.

Rawick, ed.,
The American Slave,
Vol. 8, Texas Narratives, Part 7, 3269.

King,
Stolen Childhood,
144.

Peter J. Rachleff,
Black Labor in the South: Richmond, Virginia, 1865-
1890 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1984), 15-16.

Paul S. Boyer,
The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People,
2 vols. (Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath and Company, 1993), 1:531-32.

Abzug, “The Black Family,” 33.

Edwin S. Redkey, ed.,
A Grand Army of Black Men: Letters from African-American Soldiers in the Union Army, 1861-1865
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 175-77.

Crow, Escott, and Hatley,
A History of African Americans,
82-83.

Joseph T. Glatthaar,
The March to the Sea and Beyond: Sherman's Troops in the Savannah and Carolinas Campaigns
(Baton Rouge and London: Louisiana State University Press, 1985), 60-61.

Berlin and Rowland, eds.,
Families and Freedom
, 17-20.

Ibid., 214-15.

King,
Stolen Childhood
, 145.

Jonathan Woolard McLeod, “Black and White Workers: Atlanta during Reconstruction” (Ph.D. diss., University of California at Los Angeles, 1987), 18.

Walker, “Blacks in North Carolina,” 128.

Joel Williamson,
After Slavery: The Negro in South Carolina during Reconstruction
,
1861-1877
(Hanover, NH, and London: University Press of New England, 1990), 307.

Berlin and Rowland, eds.,
Families and Freedom
, 173, 176.

Walker, “Blacks in North Carolina,” 133.

Botume,
First Days
, 163.

James West Davidson,
Nation of Nations: A Narrative History of the American Republic
, 2 vols. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1990), 1:624.

Rawick, ed.,
The American Slave
, Vol. 7, Texas Narratives, Part 6, 2615-2616.

Ibid., Vol. 3, Texas Narratives, Part 2, 636.

Hampton Institute,
The Negro in Virginia
, 85-86.

Mellon, ed.,
Bullwhip
Days, 352.

Rawick, ed.,
The American Slave
, Vol. 8, Texas Narratives, Part 7,3240.

King,
Stolen Childhood,
144.

Marion B. Lucas,
A History of Blacks in Kentucky: From Slavery to Segregation, 1760-1891,
Vol. 1 (Lexington: Kentucky Historical Society, 1992), 206.