Consciousness Beyond Life: The Science of the Near-Death Experience (51 page)

3. S. Parnia et al., “A Qualitative and Quantitative Study of the Incidence, Features and Aetiology of Near Death Experiences in Cardiac Arrest Survivors,”
Resuscitation
48 (2001): 151.

4. P. Sartori, “The Incidence and Phenomenology of Near-Death Experiences,”
Network Review (Scientific and Medical Network)
90 (2006): 23–25.

5. S. Parnia and P. Fenwick, “Near-Death Experiences in Cardiac Arrest: Visions of a Dying Brain or Visions of a New Science of Consciousness. Review article,”
Resuscitation
52 (2002): 5–11.

6. K. T. Gopalan et al., “Cerebral Blood Flow Velocity During Repeatedly Induced Ventricular Fibrillation,”
Journal of Clinical Anesthesia
11, no. 4 (1999): 290–95.

7. J. Mayer and T. Marx, “The Pathogenesis of EEG Changes During Cerebral Anoxia,” in
Cardiac and Vascular Diseases/Handbook of Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology,
ed. J. H. A. van der Drift (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1972), vol. 14A, pt. A, pp. 5–11,

8. Parnia and Fenwick, “Near-Death Experiences in Cardiac Arrest” J. W. de Vries et al., “Changes in Cerebral Oxygen Uptake and Cerebral Electrical Activity During Defibrillation Threshold Testing,”
Anesthesia Analgesia
87 (1998): 16–20; H. Clute and W. J. Levy, “Electroencephalographic Changes During Brief Cardiac Arrest in Humans,”
Anesthesiology
73 (1990): 821–25; T. J. Losasso et al., “Electroencephalographic Monitoring of Cerebral Function During Asystole and Successful Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation,”
Anesthesia Analgesia
75 (1992): 12–19.

9. N. M. Branston et al., “Comparison of the Effects of Ischaemia on Early Components of the Somatosensory Evoked Potential in Brainstem, Thalamus, and Cerebral Cortex,”
Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow Metabolism
4, no. 1 (1984): 68–81; J. Gua, J. A. White, and H. H. Batjer, “Limited Protective Effects of Etomidate During Brainstem Ischemia in Dogs,”
Journal of Neurosurgery
82, no. 2 (1995): 278–84.

10. D. S. Smith et al., “Reperfusion Hyperoxia in the Brain After Circulatory Arrest in Humans,”
Anesthesiology
73 (1990): 12–19.

11. Mayer and Marx, “Cerebral Anoxia” G. Buunk, J. G. van der Hoeven, and A. E. Meinders, “Cerebral Blood Flow After Cardiac Arrest,”
Netherlands Journal of Medicine
57 (2000): 106–12; Losasso et al., “Electroencephalographic Monitoring.”

12. E. D. Kelly and E. W. Kelly, “Unusual Experiences Near Death and Related Phenomena,” chap. 6 in
Irreducible Mind: Toward a Psychology for the 21st Century
(Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007), 418.

13. M. J. Sauve et al., “Patterns of Cognitive Recovery in Sudden Cardiac Arrest Survivors: The Pilot Study,”
Heart Lung
25, no. 3 (1996): 172–81.

14. M. Fujioka et al., “Hippocampal Damage in the Human Brain After Cardiac Arrest,”
Cerebrovascular Diseases
10, no. 1 (2000): 2–7; H. C. Kinney et al., “Neuropathological Findings in the Brain of Karen Ann Quinlan: The Role of the Thalamus in the Persistent Vegetative State,”
New England Journal of Medicine
330, no. 26 (1994): 1469–75.

15. G. W. van Dijk, “Bewustzijn” [Consciousness], in
Handboek Reanimatie
[Resuscitation Handbook], 2nd rev. ed., ed. B. T. J. Meursing and R. G. van Kesteren (Utrecht, the Netherlands: Wetenschappelijke Uitgeverij Bunge, 2004), 21–25.

16. Van Dijk, “Bewustzijn” [Consciousness].

17. Van Dijk, “Bewustzijn” [Consciousness].

18. J. Herlitz et al., “Characteristics and Outcome Among Patients Suffering from In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Relation to the Interval Between Collapse and Start of CPR,”
Resuscitation
53, no. 1 (2000): 21–27.

19. N. A. Paradis, G. B. Martin, and M. G. Goetting, “Simultaneous Aortic Jugular Bulb, and Right Atrial Pressures During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Humans: Insights into Mechanisms,”
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80 (1989): 361–68; N. A. Paradis, G. B. Martin, and J. Rosenberg, “The Effect of Standard and High Dose Epinephrine on Coronary Perfusion Pressure During Prolonged Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
265 (1991): 1139–44.

20. Clute and Levy, “Electroencephalographic Changes” Losasso et al., “Electroencephalographic Monitoring” K. A. Hossmann and P. Kleihues, “Reversibility of Ischemic Brain Damage,”
Archives of Neurology
29, no. 6 (1973): 375–84; J. Moss and M. Rockoff, “EEG Monitoring During Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation,”
Journal of American Medical Association
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21. P. Safar et al., “Cerebral Resuscitation Potentials for Cardiac Arrest,”
Critical Care Medicine
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22. C. G. Coimbra, “Implications of Ischemic Penumbra for the Diagnosis of Brain Death,”
Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research
32, no. 12 (1999): 1479–87.

23. M. B. Sabom, “Death: Defining the Final Frontier: The Case of Pam Reynolds,”
Light and Death: One Doctor’s Fascinating Account of Near-Death Experiences
(Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1998), 37–52.

24. H. Ebert, “Deep Hypothermia and Circulatory Arrest for Surgery of Complex Intracranial Aneurysms,”
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Chapter 9: What Do We Know About Brain Function?

1. J. E. Desmedt and D. Robertson, “Differential Enhancement of Early and Late Components of the Cerebral Somatosensory Evoked Potentials During Forced-Paced Cognitive Tasks in Man,”
Journal of Physiology
271 (1977): 761–82; P. E. Roland and L. Friberg, “Localization in Cortical Areas Activated by Thinking,”
Journal of Neurophysiology
53 (1985): 1219–43; J. C. Eccles, “The Effect of Silent Thinking on the Cerebral Cortex,”
Truth Journal: International Interdisciplinary Journal of Christian Thought
2 (1988); P. E. Roland, “Somatotopical Tuning of Postcentral Gyrus During Focal Attention in Man: A Regional Cerebral Blood Flow Study,”
Journal of Neurophysiology
46 (1981): 744–54.

2. G. W. van Dijk, “Bewustzijn” [Consciousness], in
Handboek Reanimatie
[The Resuscitation Handbook], 2nd ed., ed. B. T. J. Meursing and R. G. van Kesteren (Utrecht, the Netherlands: Wetenschappelijke Uitgeverij Bunge, 2004), 21–25.

3. C. Koch, “The Movie in Your Head,”
Scientific American Mind
16, no. 3 (2005): 8–63; J. M. Schwartz and S. Begley,
The Mind and the Brain: Neuroplasticity and the Power of Mental Force
(New York: HarperCollins, 2002); D. Dobbs, “Fact or Phrenology?”
Scientific American Mind
16, no. 1 (2005): 24–31.

4. M. Slob, Interview: “Waar de wetenschap niet bij kan” [Where Science Cannot Reach],
NRC Handelsblad
(January 20, 2007), education and science supplement.

5. A. I. Jack and A. Roepstorff, “Introspection and Cognitive Brain Mapping: From Stimulus-Response to Script Report,”
Trends in Cognitive Science
6, no. 8 (2002): 333–39; A. I. Jack and A. Roepstorff, “Why Trust the Subject?”
Journal of Consciousness Studies
10, nos. 9–10 (2003): v–xx.

6. Jack and Roepstorff, “Introspection” Jack and Roepstorff, “Why Trust the Subject?”

7. A. Freeman, “The Conscious Brain,” chap. 4 in
Consciousness: A Guide to the Debates
(Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2003), 61–80.

8. A. Noë,
Out of Our Heads: Why You Are Not Your Brain, and Other Lessons from the Biology of Consciousness
(New York: Hill and Wang, 2009).

9. J. L. Saver and J. Rabin, “The Neural Substrates of Religious Experience,”
Journal of Neuropsychiatry
9, no. 3 (1997): 498–510.

10. Schwartz and Begley,
Mind and the Brain,
18, 28.

11. H. Romijn, “About the Origin of Consciousness: A New, Multidisciplinary Perspective on the Relationship Between Brain and Mind,”
Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen
100, nos. 1–2 (1997): 181–267.

12. Electrical charges are the action potentials across the cell membrane of neurons caused by the transient and rapid alteration of voltage by an exchange of ions.

13. G. M. Edelman and G. Tononi,
A Universe of Consciousness
(New York: Basic Books, 2000).

14. The transmission of information along neurons is done via action potentials (transient alteration of voltage), which are triggered by differences in membrane potential (the electric charge or voltage difference across a cell membrane) through decreases (depolarization) and increases (hyperpolarization) in the many contacts (synapses) with other neurons. This process releases neurotransmitters in the synapses. The sum total of all the changes in membrane potentials causes constantly changing electrical fields.

15. M. Hallett, “Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and the Human Brain,”
Nature
406 (2000): 147–50.

16. W. Penfield,
The Excitable Cortex in Conscious Man
(Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1958); O. Blanke et al., “Out-of-Body Experience and Autoscopy of Neurological Origin,”
Brain
127 (2004): 243–58.

17. D. Liebetanz, “Pharmacological Approach to the Mechanisms of Transcranial DC-Stimulation-Induced After-Effects of Human Motor Cortex Excitability,”
Brain
125 (2002): 2238–47.

18. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has both an excitatory and an inhibitory effect, depending on whether the stimulation takes place in white or grey matter of the brain.

19. H. S. Mayberg et al., “Deep Brain Stimulation for Treatment-Resistant Depression,”
Neuron
45 (2005): 651–60; M. Hopkin, “Implant Boosts Activity in Injured Brain,”
Nature
448 (2007): 522; N. D. Schiff et al., “Behavioural Improvements With Thalamic Stimulation After Severe Traumatic Brain Injury,”
Nature
448 (2007): 600–603; M. N. Shadler and R. Kiani, “News and Views. Neurology: An Awakening,”
Nature
448 (2007): 539–40.

20. M. Beauregard, “Mind Does Really Matter: Evidence from Neuroimaging Studies of Emotional Self-Regulation, Psychotherapy, and Placebo Effect,”
Progress in Neurobiology
81, no. 4 (2007): 218–36.

21. M. Massimini et al., “Breakdown of Cortical Effective Connectivity During Sleep,”
Science
309, no. 5744 (2005): 2228–32.

22. Massimini et al., “Breakdown.”

23. N. S. White and M. T. Alkire, “Impaired Thalamocortical Connectivity in Humans During General-Anesthetic Induced Unconsciousness,”
Neuroimage
19, no. 2, pt. 1 (2003): 401–11; M. T. Alkire and J. Miller, “General Anesthesia and the Neural Correlates of Consciousness,”
Progress in Brain Research
150 (2005): 229–44; M. T. Alkire, A. G. Hudetz, and G. Tononi, “Consciousness and Anesthesia,”
Science
322, no. 5903 (2008): 876–80.

24. T. J. Balkin et al., “The Process of Awakening: A PET Study of Regional Brain Activity Patterns Mediating the Re-establishment of Alertness and Consciousness,”
Brain
125 (2002): 2308–19.

25. J. A. Den Boer,
Neuro-filosofie: Hersenen-Bewustzijn-Vrije wil
[Neurophilosophy: The Brain-Consciousness-Free Will] (Amsterdam: Boom, 2003), 128.

26. S. Y. Berkovich, “On the Information Processing Capabilities of the Brain: Shifting the Paradigm,”
Nanobiology
2 (1993): 99–107; H. Romijn, “Are Virtual Photons the Elementary Carriers of Consciousness?”
Journal of Consciousness Studies
9 (2002): 61–81.

27. K. Pribram, “The Neurophysiology of Remembering,”
Scientific American
220 (1969): 75; K. Lashley, “In Search of the Engram,”
Psychological Mechanisms in Animal Behavior
(New York: Academic Press, 1950), 454–82.

28. R. Lewin, “Is Your Brain Really Necessary?”
Science
210 (1980): 1232–34.