Core Topics in General & Emergency Surgery: Companion to Specialist Surgical Practice (92 page)

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Authors: Simon Paterson-Brown MBBS MPhil MS FRCS

BOOK: Core Topics in General & Emergency Surgery: Companion to Specialist Surgical Practice
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Antiplatelet agents,
273–274
Antiplatelets Trialists’ Collaboration,
273
Antithrombin (AT) deficiency,
270
,
272b
Antithrombotic Therapy Consensus Conference,
14
Aorta injury,
246
APACHE (Acute Physiological and Chronic Health Evaluation) O score,
145
APACHE (Acute Physiological and Chronic Health Evaluation) II score,
101
,
138
,
324
acute pancreatitis,
145
,
148
,
149
,
150
Apixaban,
274
Appendicectomy
conventional,
170
Appendicitis
chronic,
173–174
,
174f
Appendix
abscess,
173
,
173f
normal,
171–172
L
-arginine,
322
Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales,
25
Ascorbic acid,
311b
Aspirin,
273–274
Assessment, patient
See
Surgical risk
Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland (AAGBI),
44
Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland (ACPGBI)
Colorectal Cancer (CRC) database,
289
Malignant Bowel Obstruction (MBO) Study,
289
Association of Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland (ASGBI),
81
,
82
,
82b
Asthma, day surgery,
46
Asymptomatic inguinal hernias,
71
Atlanta consensus conference, acute pancreatitis,
142
,
142b
Audit,
18–19
,
18f
Audit Commission (UK),
42–43
,
43b
,
46

B

Baker’s cyst,
275
Balthazar scoring system,
145
Baltimore Cochrane Centre,
8
Bariatric surgery,
344–358
complications,
350
,
354b
clinical presentation,
350–356
,
354b
general,
350
,
350t
specific,
350
,
351t
day case,
51
mechanisms,
345
obesity, causes,
344–345
postoperative problems,
356–357
procedures,
345–350
‘Basket’ of procedures, day case surgery,
42–43
,
43b
,
46
Bassini technique,
70
Bedside assessment,
314–315
Behavioural Pain Score (BPS),
27
Bell classification, necrotising enterocolitis,
221
,
223t
Benzodiazepines,
48
‘Beyond reasonable doubt’, defined,
15
Bezoars,
164
Bias, defined,
7
Bier’s block,
49
Biliary colic,
132–139
acute gallstone disease,
139
clinical presentation,
132–133
gallbladder torsion,
139
gallbladder/bile duct stones,
134–135
,
134f
,
135f
,
136f
pathogenesis,
132
radiological imaging,
133–134
,
133f
treatment,
135–136
Biliary tree injury scale, extrahepatic,
259t
Biliopancreatic diversion (BPD),
347
complications,
351t
,
354–355
Biochemical measures,
145
,
312–313
Bioelectrical impedance,
312
Biological mesh,
59–60
Biomarkers, surgical risk,
294
Bladder injury scale,
263t
Bleeding
duodenal-jejunal,
356
intra-abdominal,
234
staple-line,
353
Blood/blood products,
119
Body composition,
312
assessment,
314
Body mass index (BMI), day surgery,
45
,
45f
Boerhaave’s syndrome,
105
,
106f
,
107
Boey score,
101
Bogota bag technique,
237
,
337–338
,
338f
Botox (botulinum toxin),
210
Bowel damage, colonoscopy,
197
Bowel infarction,
76b
Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP),
294
Branched-chain amino acids,
322
Breakthrough pain,
49–50
British Association of Day Surgery (BADS),
42–43
,
43b
,
44
,
46
British Association for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (BAPEN),
313–314
British Consensus Guidelines on Intravenous Fluid Therapy for Adult Surgical Patients (GIFTASUP),
301–302
British Medical Journal
(BMJ) Publishing Group,
4
BMJ Evidence Centre (internet),
4
British National Formulary
,
318
British Psychological Society,
4
British Society of Gastroenterology,
151b
Bupivacaine,
49
,
49t
,
50
Burns, nutritional support,
322

C

C-reactive protein (CRP) scoring system,
145
,
148
,
149
,
150
Caecal volvulus,
184–185
,
184f
,
185f
Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination,
14
Candida
spp,
313
,
332
Carbohydrate metabolism,
309
Cardiac function
abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS),
239
disease,
46
output,
300–301
response,
299
Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPEX),
293
,
294b
Care of the Critically Ill Surgical Patient
(CCrISP) system,
330–331
,
331f
Catecholamines,
309b
Catheters
care,
318
complications,
317b
duodenostomy,
104
,
104f
Ceftazidime,
147
Cefuroxime,
147
Central venous access,
317
Centre for Evidence-based Medicine,
5
,
14
Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (CRD),
5
Cephalosporins,
136–137
,
332
Cervical vascular organ injury scale,
255t
Chance, defined,
7
Charcot’s triad,
140–141
Chest, abdominal injuries, combined head,
234
Chest pain, gastric band,
353
Chest wall injury scale,
255t
Chest X-ray (CXR),
277
Children
perianal abscess,
208–209
surgical emergencies,
225–227
See also
Paediatric
entries
CHOCOLATE trial,
139
Cholangitis
See
Acute cholangitis
Cholecystectomy, laparoscopic,
50
Cholecystitis
acute acalculous (ACC),
139–140
Cholecystostomy,
336f
Choledocholithiasis,
134–135
,
134f
,
135f
,
136f
Chronic abdominal sepsis,
341
Chronic appendicitis,
173–174
,
174f
Ciprofloxacin,
147
Clinical guidelines,
11–13
Clostridium difficile
,
92–93
Clostridium perfringens
,
136–137
Coagulation disturbances,
329
Cocaine,
49
,
49t
Cochrane Centres,
8
,
9
Cochrane Collaboration,
1
,
2
,
4–5
,
8
,
9
,
12
Cochrane Library,
4
,
5
Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials,
4–5
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews,
4
Cochrane Review Methodology Register,
5
Cochrane Reviewers’ Handbook,
5
,
9
Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effectiveness (DARE),
5
Health Technology Assessment Database (HTA),
5
NHS Economic Evaluation Database (NHS EED),
5
,
7
Cochrane systematic reviews,
8
,
86
,
120
,
125
,
128
,
171b
,
208
,
273b
Codeine,
340
Coffee-ground vomiting,
118
Colistin,
147
Colitis
ischaemic
See
Ischaemic colitis
toxic,
193–194
Collagen-related disorders,
57–58
Colonic bleeding,
197–201
investigations/diagnosis,
198–199
angiography,
198–199
colonoscopy,
198
radionuclide imaging,
198
surgical management,
199–201
Colonic emergencies,
179–203
bleeding
See
Colonic bleeding
disease process,
179
inflammation/infection,
191–194
ischaemia
See
Ischaemic colitis
obstruction,
181–190
perforation,
165
preoperative preparation,
179
Colonic injury
management,
246–247
,
247b
scale,
261t
Colonic volvulus,
181–185
caecal volvulus,
184–185
,
184f
,
185f
ileosigmoid knotting,
183–184
,
183f
sigmoid volvulus,
182–183
transverse,
184
Colonoscopy
bleeding,
198
bowel damage,
197
perforation, management,
197f
Colorectal Cancer (CRC) database (ACPGBI),
289
Combined oral contraceptive pill (cOCP),
271–272
Comfort, eating,
345
Commercially available nutrients,
319
Commissioning/tariffs,
54
Common bile duct (CBD),
134–135
,
135f
,
136f
laparoscopic exploration,
134–135
,
136f
Communicating surgical risk,
294–296
Compression stockings, graduated elastic,
273
,
273b
Computed tomography (CT)
acute abdomen,
92–93
,
92f
,
93f
,
94f
angiography,
199
contrast-enhanced,
231–232
deep vein thrombosis (DVT),
276
pulmonary angiography (CTPA),
277
Computer-aided diagnosis (CAD),
85–86
Condition-specific outcome measures,
25–26
Confidence interval (CI),
9–10
Confounding, defined,
7
Congenital umbilical hernias,
61
Connective tissue disorders,
164
Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials,
6
,
6t
CONSORT 2010 statement,
6
,
6t
Construct validity, defined,
24
Content validity, defined,
24
Continuous positive airways pressure (CPAP),
300–301
Contrast radiology,
87–91
Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT),
231–232
Copper,
311b
Corrosive perforations,
110
Cortisol,
309b
Costs/charges/resource use,
30–32
,
30t
base year costs,
31
,
31t
cost analysis,
32
discounting,
31–32
marginal costing,
32
See also
Economic evaluation
Couinaud segments,
243
C-reactive protein (CRP),
294
Criteria-based recovery,
51
Criterion validity, defined,
24
Critical appraisal,
5–8
Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP),
7
Crohn’s disease,
161–162
,
165
,
321
investigations,
165
presentation,
165
surgery,
165
CR-POSSUM (colorectal),
288–289
Cullen’s sign,
143
Curtis–Fitz-Hugh syndrome,
85
Cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2)-specific inhibitor,
103
Cystic fibrosis (CF),
218
Cytokines,
309b

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