Crimes and Mercies (44 page)

Clay, Lucius,
109–11
,
151–2
,
203
,
204

Clayton, Will,
144
,
158–9

coal mining,
92
,
168

COBSRA (Council of British Societies for Relief Abroad),
155

Cold War,
67
,
75
,
78
,
80
,
84
,
117
,
170
,
174

collective guilt,
175–8

Cologne,
167

Combined Food Board,
141

Commission for Relief in Belgium,
6

Committee Against Mass Expulsions, see Land of the Dead, The

communism,
10
,
17
,
18
; anti-Nazi resistance movement,
131
; Hoover and,
8–9
,
10–11
; perceived threat from,
23
,
93

Conway, Granville,
141

Council of Foreign Ministers: 1947 meeting,
120
,
186
,
189
,
190
,
210

CRALOG (Council of Relief Agencies Licensed for Operation in Germany),
151
,
153–4
,
158

CSSA (Central State Special Archive, USSR),
69–72
,
73–5
,
77
,
80–3
,
117
,
205–6

currency reform,
157
,
163

Czechoslovakia,
94
,
113
,
122
,
123
,
176
; expulsions and atrocities,
92–4
,
98–100

Darwin, Charles,
1

Davis, Norman,
136

death rates,
107–25
,
185–9
,
201–3
; in Austria,
118
; in Berlin,
199
; in Brilon,
118
,
198–9
; in British zone,
32–5
,
118–19
,
201–2
; of civilians,
188–9
; and expulsions,
108
,
109
,
112–13
,
122–3
,
123–4
,
189–91
; French statistics,
57–8
; in French zone,
35
,
203
; high estimates,
109
,
112–13
; low estimates,
108
,
109–12
; mid-range estimates,
108–9
,
113–23
; 1945–46,
188–9
; prisoners of war,
20
,
52–6
,
75
,
84
,
92
,
124
,
208–9
; in selected towns (1946–50),
198–201
; in Soviet zone,
110
,
188
; summarised,
123–5
; in US zone,
108
,
109–12
,
118
,
119
,
209–10
; see also starvation

DEF (disarmed enemy force) prisoners,
56–7

De Gaulle, Charles,
77
,
78
,
171
,
172

Degwitz, Herr,
202

Dellmann, Max,
55

democracy,
167–8
,
172
,
178
,
180–1
,
194

Denmark, aid from,
155

Deutsche Caritasverband,
151

Deutsche Rote Kreuz, see under Red Cross

Dewey, John,
190

de Zayas, Alfred,
104
,
107
,
117–8
,
178
,
197

Dietersheim camp,
44
,
46
,
50

Dittersdorf,
101

Dole, Bob,
171

Donovan, William,
28

Doucet, Nelson,
192

Dulles, Allen,
129
,
171

Düsseldorf,
32–3

Dyck, Cornelius,
154

Dyck, Peter and Elfrieda,
161

dysentery,
47

Earle, Ambassador,
72

Early, Steve,
136

Ebensee camp,
59

economy, European,
167

economy, German,
148–9
,
162–4

Eden, Anthony,
27
,
94

Einsiedel, Heinrich von,
67

Eisenhower, Dwight D.,
59
,
172
,
175
; death penalty order,
40–3
,
44
,
45
,
91
; and destruction of food,
91
; forbids Quaker aid,
155
; and missing prisoners,
56
,
77
,
78
,
110
; and Morgenthau Plan,
25–6
,
28–9

emigration: forbidden to Germans,
107–8
; from Germany (1946–
50
statistics),
116

Enke, Siegfried,
53

European Court of Human Rights,
191

exports, German,
149
,
166

Expulsion of the German Population
from the Territories East of the
Oder–Neisse Line,
81

expulsions,
29
,
92
,
93–106
,
113
,
120
,
122
,
150
,
156
,
168
,
177–79
; atrocities,
98
,
99
,
100–1
; condemned by Adenauer,
181
; death rates,
108
,
109
,
112–14
,
122
,
123–5
,
189–91
; difficulties of feeding children,
156–7
; evidence for fate of expellees,
189–91
; numbers taken to the Gulag,
81
; opponents of,
126
; West’s cover-up of,
181

factories, destruction of,
92
,
149
,
164
,
168

fertilizer production: reduced by Allies,
88
,
92
,
148
,
149

First World War,
3–10
; aftermath,
10–16
,
127–8

fishing fleet,
14
,
88
,
149

food rations,
33
,
90
,
91
,
110–11
,
118–9
,
138
,
143
,
149
,
151
; in Britain,
158
; in Canada,
140

food relief programmes,
135–44
,
150–7
; blocked by Allies,
87–8
,
149
,
157–8
; for children,
150
,
154
,
155
,
155–7
; First World War,
3–6
;
see also Hoover, Herbert

food supplies,
153
; Germans deprived of,
91
,
147–50
; hoarding by farmers,
158
; imports,
93
; myth of world shortage,
30
,
32
,
123–4
,
138–9
,
145
,
146–7
,
159
; problem of getting surpluses to the starving,
140
,
142–3
; production drop in France and UK,
144
; urban shortages in 1947,
158–9
; in wartime Germany,
145
,
148
; world production,
30
,
145
,
146–7
;
see also Morgenthau Plan;
starvation

Foreign Office (UK),
90
,
130
,
147
,
148

France,
152–3
; conditions in camps,
29
,
47–9
,
58–61
; conditions in Vosges area,
49
,
59
; food production,
144
; government statistics,
109
,
112–13
; prisoner death statistics,
57–8
; refugees saved in,
105
,
182

freedom of discussion,
179–81

French zone of Germany: death rates in,
35
,
203
; starvation in,
35
,
90
,
167

Freud, Sigmund,
2

Frings, Joseph,
130
,
133

Fürstbischofliche Knabenseminar, Graz,
160

Galbraith, John Kenneth,
139

Galitski, V. P.,
84
,
205

Garmisch-Partenkirchen camp,
91

Geneva Convention,
29
,
47
,
58
,
60
,
73
,
76
,
144
,
173
,
197

Germany: agrees to food relief in Belgium,
87
; agricultural capacity,
147–8
,
150
,
158
,
203
; anti-American feeling,
168
,
169
; food shortages and starvation,
31–5
,
89–93
,
142–169
; government statistics,
108
,
111
,
116–7
,
117–8
,
119–20
,
198
,
209
; history of anger against,
126–8
; industry,
92–3
,
144
,
148–9
,
158
,
164
,
168–9
; land confiscations,
91
,
94
,
147
,
176
; and Marshall Plan,
162–3
; post-1918 blockade of,
3
,
7
,
11
,
13–15
; post-1945 collapse,
89–90
; prewar food consumption and production,
145
; refugee numbers,
150
; relinquishes land claims (1990),
178–91
; and reparations,
91–2
,
163–7
,
190
; resistance movements,
128–33
; surveys of missing persons,
74–5
,
76–7
,
207–9
; Weimar Republic,
10
,
18
;
see also death rates; food relief
programmes; Morgenthau Plan; starvation

Gilbert, Martin,
30

Gimbel, John,
164
,
165
,
166
,
167
,
168

Glogau,
113

Goebbels, Joseph,
28
,
180

Goldhagen, Daniel Jonah,
175

Gollancz, Victor,
32–3
,
36
,
126
,
175
,
181

Gorbachev, Mikhail,
73
,
83

Gouzenko, Igor,
170

Grasett, A. E.,
146
,
147
,
148

Graudenz camp,
103

Greece,
88

Greer, Robert,
94–8

Grey, Lord (Edward),
5

Grüber, Probst,
34

Grünwald, Bürgermeister,
49

Guderian, Heinz,
18
,
107
,
109
,
113

Gulag,
23
,
62–71
; economic viability of,
65–7
; and re-education,
67–8
,
130

Gummersbach,
46

Hamburg,
32
,
33
,
201
,
202

Havel, Václav,
176

Heising, Johannes,
60

Henrys, General,
9

Hess, Rudolf,
129

Hilfs-Ausschuß,
155

Hilfswerk der Evangelischen Kirchen in Deutschland,
151
,
153
,
154

Hilldring, J. H.,
34

Hitler, Adolf,
10
,
15
,
17
,
18–20
,
25
,
57
,
70
,
94
,
116
,
127
,
128
,
145
,
175
; Hoover on,
159
; number of books on,
183
; persecution of churches,
161
; resistance to,
129
,
130–1

Holland,
152–3
,
175
; famine in,
87–90

Homma, Masaharu,
29

Hoover, Herbert,
87
,
180
,
182
; ability and character,
11–13
; advises Truman,
36
,
111–2
,
137
; and anti-Semitism,
10–11
; and bolshevism,
8–9
,
10–11
; condemns Allies’ policy,
20
,
90
; and First World War relief programmes,
3–10
,
12
,
13–15
,
138
; on Hitler,
159
; not remembered,
183
; post-1945 food-relief programmes,
37
,
136–9
,
141–4
,
147
,
148
,
150
,
151–2
,
158
,
160–1
; and relief of Dutch famine,
86–7
,
88
; on reparations,
163
; reports on conditions in Germany,
119
; on role of USA,
11–12

Hoover Aid (Hoover-Spende),
156–7

Hoover Famine Emergency Commission,
119
,
164

Hoover Institution,
89
,
144

Hopkins, Harry,
36
,
65

hospitals: camp units,
52–3
,
55–6
; evacuation,
51–3
,
56

hostage system,
7
,
47

Huber, Max,
29

Hughson, Robert,
50

Hull, Cordell,
27–8
,
36

Hunger Year (Hungerjahr),
117
,
122

ICRC, see International Committee of the Red Cross

Indians, North American,
178

industry, German,
92–3
,
144
,
148–9
,
158
,
168
; factories dismantled,
92
,
149
,
164
,
168