Cruise Ship Blues: The Underside of the Cruise Ship Industry (33 page)

41    Frantz, “On Cruise Ships, Silence Shrouds Crimes.”

42    ibid.

43    See Korten, “Carnival? Try Criminal.”

44    Tim Hornyak, “Healthy Cruising,”
Medical Post
(July 6, 1999), p. 33.

45    See the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Vessel Sanitation Program inspection for the
Seven Seas Navigator
, March 29, 2001, .

46    See Dipesh Gadher, “Cruise Liners Face Tougher Hygiene Tests,”
Sunday Times
(London) (May 6, 2001), .

47    Several weeks after receiving a score of 91 on its heath inspection, Carnival Cruise Line’s
Jubilee
had an outbreak of gastrointestinal disease that struck as many as 150 passengers. See Carla Rivera, “Ship Had Just Passed Inspection,”
Los Angeles Times
(June 25, 1996), p. B1. Similarly, a no-sail order was issued in 1997 for Norwegian Cruise Line’s Royal Odyssey following three successive outbreaks of illness caused by the Norwalk-like virus. The ship had received a passing score on its most recent inspection.

48    See Hans Hesselberg, “Food Safety,”
Cruise Industry News Quarterly
(Fall 1995), p. 60.

49    N.A. Daniels et al., “Traveler’s Diarrhea at Sea: Three Outbreaks of Waterborne Enterotoxigenic
Escherichia
coli on Cruise Ships,”
Journal of Infectious Disease
181, no. 4 (April 2000), pp. 1491-95.

50    See Centers for Disease Control,
Investigation Summary: Outbreak of Gastroenteritis Illness aboard the Cruise Ship
Disney Magic (June 2-5,

2000),<
www.cdc.gov/nceh/vsp/outbreak/2000/DisneyMagicTRep ort.htm
>; and CDC’s
Investigation of Gastroenteritis aboard
Palm Beach Princess (May 18-19, 2000), <
www.cdc.gov/nceh/vsp/out-break/2000/PBPrincess.htm
>.

51    See Centers for Disease Control, CDC’s
Investigation ofGastroenteritis aboard
Spirit of Glacier Bay (May 28-June 1, 2000), <
www.cdc.gov/nceh/vsp/outbreak/2000/spiritofglacierbay.htm
>.

52    See Centers for Disease Control,
Investigation Summary: Outbreak of GIIllness aboard the Cruise Ship M/V
Nantucket Clipper (January 2330, 2000 and February 6-13, 2000),
St. Thomas, US Virgin Islands,
<
www.cdc.gov/nceh/vsp/outbreak/2000/Nclipper.htm
>.

53    Ibid.

54    R.E. Pugh et al., “Onshore Catering Increases the Risk of Diarrhoeal Illness amongst Cruise Ship Passengers,”
Communicable Disease Intelligence
25, no. 1 (January 2001), pp. 15-17.

55    According to “Influenza in Travelers to Alaska, the Yukon Territory, and on West Coast Cruise Ships,”
Canada Communicable Disease Report 25,
no. 16 (August 15, 1999), approximately 40,000 tourists and tourism workers experienced summertime outbreaks of influenza.

56    See “Influenza-A Outbreak on a Cruise Ship,”
Canada Communicable Disease Report
24, no. 2 (January 15, 1998).

57    Margaret Munro, “Influenza Takes a Cruise,”
National Post
(August 7, 1999), p. B6.

58    T.J. Rowbotham, “Legionellosis Associated with Ships,”
Journal of Communicable Disease and Public Health
1, no. 3 (September 1998), pp. 146-51.

59    In his testimony before the House Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, Subcommittee on Merchant Marine and Coast Guard and Navigation, on September 28, 1994, Richard J. Jackson (director of the National Center for Environmental Health) provides an overview of the Legionnaire’s disease cases on the
Horizon.
He also discusses a food poisoning outbreak from shigellosis on Royal Caribbean Cruise Line’s
Viking Serenade.
See Centers for Disease Control, <
www.cdc.gov/nceh/programs/sanit/vsp/desc/vsptes.htm
>.

60    “Cruise Ship Again Struck by Sickness,”
New York Times
(July 24,

1995), <
www.nytimes.com
>.

61    Pastoris M. Castellani et al., “Legionnaire’s Disease on a Cruise Ship Linked to the Water Supply System: Clinical and Public Health Implications,”
Clinical Infectious Disease
28, no. 1 (January 1999), pp. 33-38.

62    See “Rubella Outbreaks on Cruise Ships,”
Canadian Medical Association Journal
158, no. 4 (February 24, 1998), p. 516.

63    See “Addenda,”
Washington Post
(January 9, 1998), p. A2. According to the article, health officials recommended that all crew members be vaccinated against measles, mumps, and rubella after an outbreak that sickened 22 crew members on two ships sailing between Florida and the Bahamas.

64    Kathleen Doheny, “Rubella Advisory Issued for Cruises,”
Los Angeles Times
(January 18, 1998), p. L3.

65    “Clean Vents for Comfort and Safety,”
Cruise Industry News Quarterly
(Winter 1998-99), pp. 40-42.

66    National Transportation Safety Board,
Marine Accident Report: Fire on board the Liberian Passenger Ship
Ecstasy,
Miami, Florida, July 20,1998.

67    “Health Scare in Wake of Pacific Cruise,”
Seatrade Insider News
(January 25, 2002).

68    Douglas Frantz, “Getting Sick on the High Seas: A Question of Accountability,”
New York Times
(October 31, 1999), <
www.nytimes.com
>.

69    See International Council of Cruise Lines,
ICCL Medical Facilities Guidelines Policy Statement
[updated January 1, 2002], <
www.iccl.org/policies/medical2.htm
>.

70    At the time the cost for an emergency airlift from a ship was between $20,000 and $50,000. See Kathleen Doheny, “Medical Costs Afloat,”
Los Angeles Times
(February 11, 1996), p. L9.

71    Douglas Frantz, “Getting Sick on a Cruise May Mean Medical Care with Few Standards,”
New York Times
(October 31, 1999), <
www.nytimes.com
>.

72    See Frantz, “Getting Sick on the High Seas” and “Getting Sick on a Cruise.”

73    Frantz, “Getting Sick on a Cruise.”

74    Ibid.

75    Ibid.

Chapter 4: “Save the Waves” — Sounds Good, But ...

1    Paul Queary, “Cruise Ship Dumping Sparks Interest,”
Associated Press
(December 2, 1999).

2    Linda Nowlan and Ines Kwan,
Cruise Control: Regulating Cruise Ship Pollution on the Pacific Coast of Canada
(West Coast Environmental Law, 2001), p. 21.

3    In October 1992 the US government “told the International Maritime Organization’s Marine Environmental Committee meeting that it had reported MARPOL violations to the appropriate flag states 111 times, but received responses in only about 10% of the cases.” See “U.S. Cracks Down on Marine Pollution,”
Lloyd’s List
(April 17, 1993), p. 3.

4    See uS General Accounting Office,
Marine Pollution: Progress Made to Reduce Marine Pollution by Cruise Ships, but Important Issues Remain,

doc.
no. GAO/RCED-00-48, February 2000.

5    Ocean Conservancy,
Cruise Control: A Report on How Cruise Ships Affect the Marine Environment
(Washington, DC: OC, May 2002), p. 40, <
http://www.oceanconservancy.org/dynamic/aboutUs/publica-tions/cruiseControl.pdf
>

6    For details, see Joel Glass, “$250,000 Award for Reporting At-Sea Plastics Dumping,”
Lloyd’s List
(July 12, 1993), p. 1.

7    See William Booth, “Cruise Ship Owners Plead Guilty to Dumping Bilge Oil in Atlantic,”
Washington Post
(June 4, 1994), p. A2.

8    James Vicini, “Focus — Royal Caribbean to Plead Guilty to Pollution,”
Reuters
(July 21, 1999). Also see US Department of Justice press release, “Royal Caribbean to Pay Record $18 Million Criminal Fine for Dumping Oil and Hazardous Chemicals, Making False Statements,” (July 21, 1999).

9    “‘Sovereign of the Seas’ Operator in Two Key Defensive Moves against Coast Guard Oil Dumping Charges,”
Lloyd’s List
(December 23,

1996), p. 3.

10    See Joel Glass, “Royal Caribbean Indicted after Alleged Oil Discharge off Puerto Rico,”
Lloyd’s List
(December 21, 1996), p. 1.

11    A detailed analysis (including diagrams) of the case involving the
Sovereign of the Seas
is provided in Gregg Fields, “Slick Justice,”
Miami Herald
(September 26, 1999), <
www.herald.com
>. An analysis that includes the
Nordic Empress
and that looks at attempts to have the governments of Liberia and Norway intervene on Royal Caribbean Cruise Line’s behalf is provided in Douglas Frantz, “Gaps in Sea Laws Shield Pollution by Cruise Lines,”
New York Times
(January 3, 1999), <
www.nytimes.com
>.

12    See “After Apology and $9 Million Punishment, Royal Caribbean Dumps Again,”
Washington Post
(October 25, 1998), p. E3.

13    Wendy Doscher, “Rough Seas for Cruise Line,”
Miami Daily Business Review
(July 18, 2000), <
www.floridabiz.com
>.

14    See Sharon L. Crenson, “Cruise Ship Inquiry Expands,”
Associated Press
(February 15, 2001).

15    For a straightforward description of Azipod technology, see Oivind Mathisen, “Increased Interest in Podded Drives,”
Cruise Industry News Quarterly
(Spring 1999), pp. 112-16.

16    Ocean Conservancy,
Cruise Control.

17    International Council of Cruise Lines press release, “Statement of the International Council of Cruise Lines (ICCL) Regarding Recent Environmental Settlement,” (July 27, 1999), <
www.iccl.org/press-room/press13.htm
>.

18    Robinson Shaw, “Suit Filed over Cruise Line Pollution,”
Environmental News Network
(July 6, 2000).

19    For an overview of international requirements, see Jack Polderman,
Environmental Protection for Cruise Ships: International and Local Requirements
(Lloyd’s Register Americas, 2001).

20    See International Maritime Organization,
MARPOL 73/78
—
Consolidated Edition, 1997: Articles, Protocols, Annexes, Unified Interpretations Of The International Convention For The Prevention Of Pollution From Ships, 1973, As Modified By The Protocol Of 1978 Relating Thereto,
2nd ed. (IMO, 1997).

21    The National Research Council issued a 355-page study entitled
Clean Ships, Clean Ports, Clean Oceans
which called for strengthened enforcement of MARPOL’s Annex V, particularly against foreign flag ships. Its calls had limited impact. For a summary of the report, see Joel Glass, “Research Council Report Targets Foreign-Flag Vessels,”
Lloyd’s List
(September 6, 1995), p. 1.

22    See IMO,
MARPOL 73/78
(1997).

23    Kira Schmidt,
Cruising for Trouble: Stemming the Tide of Cruise Ship Pollution
(Bluewater Network, March 2000), <
www.earthisland.org/bw/cruisereport.shtml
>.

24    Ocean Conservancy,
Cruise Control.

25    The industry’s position was clearly and concisely articulated by Stein Kruse (senior vice-president of fleet operations, Holland America Line) in his presentation, “The Cruise Industry: Environmental Leadership,” Seatrade Cruise Shipping Convention, Miami, FL, March 8, 2001.

26    For a more complete discussion, see Schmidt,
Cruising for Trouble.

27    A comparison of American and Canadian laws is provided by Nowlan and Kwan in
Cruise Control.

28    Schmidt,
Cruising for Trouble.

29    See H.R. 5666,
Making Miscellaneous Appropriations for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2001, and for Other Purposes
(Government Printing Office, 2000).

30    There is a question of how much plastic is incinerated at sea by cruise ships. The by-products left in the ash can be harmful to sea life and the environment.