Dark Continent: Europe's Twentieth Century (76 page)

56.
On European role in the world economy, see D. Aldcroft,
The European Economy, 1914–1990
(London, 1993 edn), ch. 5

57.
P. Calamandrei,
Questa nostra costituzione
(Milan, 1995 edn), p. v

58.
Boneschi,
La grande illusione: i nostri anni sessanta
(Milan, 1996), pp. 119–21

59.
Gundle, op. cit., p. 589

60.
G. Kaplan,
Contemporary Western European Feminism
(New York, 1992)

61.
F. Thebaud (ed.),
A History of Women: Toward a Cultural Identity in the 20th Century
(Cambridge, Mass., 1994)

62.
Austrian law in K. Schmidlechner, “Youth culture in the 1950s,” in G. Bischof, A. Pelinka and R. Steininger (eds.),
Austria in the 1950s: Contemporary Austrian Studies
, vol. 3 (New Brunswick, 1995), pp. 116–37; Elvis quotes from U. Poiger, “Rock ‘n’ roll, female sexuality and the Cold War battle over German identities,”
Journal of Modern History
, 68: 3 (September 1996), pp. 577–617

63.
R. Dorner, “Halbstark,” in
Bikini: Die Fünfziger Jahre
, p. 164; S. Piccone Stella, “ ‘Rebels without a cause’: Male youth in Italy around 1960,”
History Workshop Journal
, 38 (1994), pp. 157–74

64.
Bogdanor and Skidelsky, op. cit., pp. 300–314

65.
Boneschi, op. cit., p. 319

66.
G. Statera,
Death of a Utopia: The Development and Decline of Student Movements in Europe
(New York, 1975), pp. 78–89

67.
S. Khilnani,
Arguing Revolution: The Intellectual Left in Postwar France
(New Haven, Conn., 1993), p. 122

68.
Figures from G. Therborn,
European Modernity and Beyond: The Trajectory of European Societies, 1945–2000
(London, 1995), p. 259; RAF in Linke Liste (eds.),
Die Mythen knacken: Materialen wider ein Tabu
(Frankfurt, 1987),
passim

69.
Cited in H. Fassmann and R. Münz (eds.),
European Migration in the Late 20th Century: Historical Patterns, Actual Trends and Social Implications
(Aldershot, Hants., 1994), p. 3

70.
J. F. Hollifield,
Immigrants, Markets and States: The Political Economy of Postwar Europe
(Cambridge, Mass., 1992)

71.
R. King (ed.),
Mass Migrations in Europe: The Legacy and the Future
(London, 1993)

72.
Cesarani, op. cit., p. 70

73.
J. Salt and H. Clout (eds.),
Migration in Postwar Europe: Geographical Essays
(Oxford, 1976), 34; Ginsborg, op. cit., p. 219

74.
D. Hiro,
Black British, White British: A History of Race Relations in Britain
(London, 1991 edn), p. 51

75.
See generally, P. Rich,
Race and Empire in British Politics
(Cambridge, 1990 edn)

76.
King, op. cit., p. 96; Rogers Brubaker,
Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany
(Cambridge, Mass., 1992), pp. 171–4

77.
S. Collinson,
Beyond Borders: West European Migration Policy and the Twenty-first Century
(London, 1993), pp. 92–6; A. Nocon, “A reluctant welcome? Poles in Britain in the 1940s,”
Oral History
(spring 1996), p. 81

78.
Figures from Fassmann and Munz, op. cit., p. 7; Minority Rights Group,
Race and Law in Britain and the United States
(London, 1983 edn), pp. 11–13; Nocon, op. cit., p. 85

10: T
HE
S
OCIAL
C
ONTRACT
in C
RISIS

1.
R. Musil (tr. E. Wilkins and E. Kaiser),
The Man without Qualities
, vol. 1 (London, 1982), p. 8

2.
C. Maier, “The politics of inflation in the 20th century,” in his
In Search of Stability: Explorations in Historical Political Economy
(Cambridge, 1987), p. 223

3.
On the factors behind the crisis of the early 1970s, see N. Kaldor,
The Scourge of Monetarism
(Oxford, 1985, 2nd edn), pp. xi-xii; Maddison,
Phases of Capitalist Development
(Oxford, 1982), pp. 133–42; C. Allsopp, “Inflation,” in A. Boltho (ed.),
The European Economy: Growth and Crisis
(Oxford, 1982), pp. 72–104

4.
Allsopp, op. cit., p. 79

5.
R. Mishra,
The Welfare State in Capitalist Society
(Toronto, 1990), ch. 3

6.
Kaldor,
The Scourge of Monetarism
, p. xx; Vaizey cited in R. Cockett,
Thinking the Unthinkable: Think-Tanks and the Economic Counter-Revolution, 1931–1983
(London, 1995), p. 229

7.
Kalecki, “Political consequences of full employment,” op. cit.; Kaldor, op. cit., p. xii

8.
I. Gilmour,
Dancing with Dogma: Britain under Thatcherism
(London, 1992), p. 60

9.
ibid., p. 131

10.
R. Levitas, “Competition and compliance: the utopias of the New Right,” in Levitas (ed.),
The Ideology of the New Right
(Oxford, 1986); S. Jenkins,
Accountable to None: The Tory Nationalization of Britain
(London, 1995)

11.
P. Pierson,
Dismantling the Welfare State? Reagan, Thatcher and the Politics of Retrenchment
(Cambridge, 1994), pp. 147–9; N. Barr
et al., The State of Welfare: The Welfare State in Britain since 1974
(Oxford, 1991), pp. 339–40

12.
K. van Kersbergen,
Social Capitalism: A Study of Christian Democracy and the Welfare State
(London, 1995)

13.
H. Döring, “Public perceptions of the proper role of the state,”
West European Politics
, 17: 1 (January 1994), pp. 1–11

14.
G. Baglioni and C. Crouch (eds.),
European Industrial Relations: The Challenge of Flexibility
(London, 1990)

15.
J. Vickers and V. Wright, “The politics of industrial privatisation in Western Europe: an overview,”
West European Politics
, 11 (1988), pp. 1–30

16.
V. Wright, “Reshaping the state: implications for public administration,”
West European Politics
, 17: 1 (January 1994), pp. 102–33

17.
W. Merkel, “After the golden age: is social democracy doomed to decline?” in C. Lemke and G. Marks (eds.),
The Crisis of Socialism in Europe
(Durham, NC, 1992), pp. 136–70

18.
M. Sharp, “Changing industrial structures in Western Europe,” in D. Dyker (ed.),
The European Economy
(London, 1992), pp. 233–55

19.
Ginsborg, op. cit., p. 405

20.
T. Blackwell and J. Seabrook,
Talking Work: An Oral History
(London, 1996), p. 201; May Day badges in Therborn,
European Modernity
, op. cit., p. 237

21.
Therborn, op. cit., p. 57

22.
A. B. Atkinson,
Incomes and the Welfare State: Essays on Britain and Europe
(Cambridge, 1995), p. 28

23.
J. Ardagh, op. cit., pp. 114–15

24.
Gilmour, op. cit., p. 134; Thatcher cited in
Guardian
, 21 July 1996; Atkinson, op. cit., p. 39

25.
N. Christie,
Crime Control as Industry: Towards GULAGS, Western Style
(London, 1994 edn)

26.
Cited in V. Ruggiero. M. Ryan and J. Sim (eds.),
West European Penal Systems: A Critical Anatomy
(London, 1995), pp. 40, 169

27.
B. A. Hudson,
Penal Policy and Social Justice
(London, 1993), p. 68

28.
P. O’Brien, “Migration and its risks,”
International Migration Review
, 30: 4 (1996), pp. 1067–77

29.
Blackwell and Seabrook, op. cit., p. 123; “Ethnic minority children ‘still suffer racism daily,’ ”
Guardian
, 23 July 1996

30.
“Publishers bow to colour bar on children’s books,”
Observer
, 27 October 1996

31.
M. Kohn,
The Race Gallery: The Return of Racial Science
(London, 1995); N. Abadan-Unat, “Turkish migration to Europe,” in R. Cohen (ed.),
The Cambridge Survey of World Migration
(Cambridge, 1995), p. 281

32.
Cited in Joly, op. cit., pp. 118–19

33.
Y. Soysal,
Limits of Citizenship: Migrants and Postnational Membership in Europe
(Chicago, 1994)

34.
Cited in Ginsborg, op. cit., p. 424; Harvey, op. cit., p. 40

35.
Therborn, op. cit., p. 268

36.
Ardagh, op. cit., pp. 95–6

37.
Cited in Sachs, op. cit., pp. 97, 200–202;
Guardian
, 21 August 1996, citing the National Travel Survey

38.
A. Giddens,
Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age
(Cambridge, 1991), ch. 7: “The emergence of life politics,” quote from p. 225

39.
Ardagh, op. cit., p. 165

40.
C. Haste,
Rules of Desire: Sex in Britain, World War 1 to the Present
(London, 1994), p. 235

41.
F. Mort,
Cultures of Consumption: Masculinities and Social Space in Late 20th Century Britain
(London, 1996), pp. 16, 25

42.
Cited in Strinati and Wagg, op. cit.

43.
The
Guardian
, 19 August 1996

44.
Musil, op. cit., p. 8

45.
Council of Europe,
Disillusionment with Democracy: Political Parties, Participation and Non-Participation in Democratic Institutions in Europe
(Colchester, 1993)

46.
Cited in the
Independent on Sunday
, 21 July 1996

11: S
HARKS AND
D
OLPHINS
:
T
HE
C
OLLAPSE OF
C
OMMUNISM