Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China (140 page)

Fifth plenum: Sept. 24, 1985

Sixth plenum: Sept. 28, 1986

Seventh plenum: Oct. 20, 1987

13th Party Congress, Oct. 25–Nov. 1, 1987

First plenum: Nov. 2, 1987

Second plenum: Mar. 15–19, 1988

Third plenum: Sept. 26–30, 1988

Fourth plenum: June 23–24, 1989

Fifth plenum: Nov. 6–9, 1989

Sixth plenum: Mar. 9–12, 1990

Seventh plenum: Dec. 25–30, 1990

Eighth plenum: Nov. 25–29, 1991

Ninth plenum: Oct. 5–9, 1992

14th Party Congress, Oct. 12–18, 1992

ASEAN: Association of Southeast Asian Nations

CAC: Central Advisory Commission

CAS: Chinese Academy of Sciences

CASS: Chinese Academy of Social Sciences

CMC: Central Military Commission

IMF: International Monetary Fund

JETRO: Japan External Trade Organization

MITI: Ministry of International Trade and Industry (Japan)

NCNA: New China News Agency (Xinhua)

NPC: National People's Congress

PLA: People's Liberation Army

SEZ: special economic zone

TVE: township and village enterprise

Abbreviations for Notes

CYNP
: Zhonggong zhongyang wenxian yanjiushi (Central Chinese Communist Party Literature Research Office), ed.,
Chen Yun nianpu: 1905–1995
(A Chronology of Chen Yun: 1905–1995), 3 vols. (Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian chubanshe, 2000)

CYZ
: Zhonggong zhongyang wenxian yanjiushi (Central Chinese Communist Party Literature Research Office), ed.,
Chen Yun zhuan
(A Biography of Chen Yun), 2 vols. (Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian chubanshe, 2005)

DNSA: Digital National Security Archive (Proquest in cooperation with the National Security Archive), The George Washington University, Washington, D.C.

DXPCR
: Rong Deng,
Deng Xiaoping and the Cultural Revolution: A Daughter Recalls the Critical Years
(Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 2002)

DXPJW
:
Deng Xiaoping junshi wenji
(Collection of Deng Xiaoping's Military Writings), 3 vols. (Beijing: Junshi kexue chubanshe and Zhongyang wenxian chubanshe, 2004)

DXPNP-1
: Zhonggong zhongyang wenxian yanjiushi (Central Chinese Communist Party Literature Research Office), ed.,
Deng Xiaoping nianpu (1904–1974)
(A Chronology of Deng Xiaoping [1904–1974]), 3 vols. (Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian chubanshe, 2009)

DXPNP-2
: Zhonggong zhongyang wenxian yanjiushi (Central Chinese Communist Party Literature Research Office), ed.,
Deng Xiaoping nianpu: Yi jiu qi wu–yi jiu jiu qi
(A Chronology of Deng Xiaoping: 1975–1997), 2 vols. (Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian chubanshe, 2004)

DXPSTW
: Yu Guangyuan,
Deng Xiaoping Shakes the World: An Eyewitness Account of China's Party Work Conference and the Third Plenum (November–December 1978)
(Norwalk, Conn.: EastBridge, 2004)

DXPWJHD
: Waijiaobu dang'anguan (Ministry of Foreign Affairs Archives), ed.,
Weiren de zuji: Deng Xiaoping waijiao huodong dashiji
(The Tracks of the Great Man: A Chronicle of Deng Xiaoping's Foreign Affairs Activities) (Beijing: Shijie zhishi chubanshe, 1998)

FBIS: Foreign Broadcast Information Service

Guoshi
, vol. 8: Shi Yun and Li Danhui,
Zhonghua renmin gongheguo shi: Di 8 juan, Nanyi jixu de “jixu geming”: Cong pi Lin dao pi Deng, 1972–1976
(The History of the People's Republic of China, vol. 8: The Difficulties Continuing the “Continuous Revolution”: From Criticizing Lin to Criticizing Deng, 1972–1976) (Hong Kong: Dangdai Zhongguo wenhua yanjiu zhongxin, Zhongwen daxue, 2008)

Guoshi
, vol. 10: Xiao Donglian,
Zhonghua renmin gongheguo shi: Di 10 juan, Lishi de zhuangui: Cong boluan fanzheng dao gaige kaifang
(History of the People's Republic of China, vol. 10: The Turning Point of History: From Bringing Order out of Chaos to Reform and Opening) (Hong Kong: Dangdai Zhongguo wenhua yanjiu zhongxin, Zhongwen daxue, 2008)

JPRS: Joint Publications Research Service

LPLSRJ
:
Li Peng liusi riji
(Li Peng's June 4 Diary), unpublished manuscript, available in the Fairbank Collection, Fung Library, Harvard University

LWMOT: Carter Administration China Policy Oral History Project, Leonard Woodcock and Michel Oksenberg Tapes, Walter P. Reuther Library Archives, Wayne State University

LZQ
: Cheng Zhongyuan and Xia Xiangzhen,
Lishi zhuanzhe de qianzou: Deng Xiaoping zai 1975
(The Prelude to the Historical Turning Point: Deng Xiaoping in 1975) (Beijing: Zhongguo qingnian chubanshe, 2003)

Memcon: Memorandum of Conversation

MZDZ
: Zhonggong zhongyang wenxian yanjiushi (Central Chinese Communist Party Literature Research Office), ed.,
Mao Zedong zhuan, 1949–1976
(A Biography of Mao Zedong, 1949–1976), 2 vols. (Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian chubanshe, 2003)

SWCY
: Chen Yun,
Selected Works of Chen Yun
, 3 vols. (1926–1949, 1949–1956,1956–1994) (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1988, 1997, 1999)

SWDXP-2
: Deng Xiaoping,
Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping, 1975–1982
(Beijing:Foreign Languages Press, 1984)

SWDXP-3
: Deng Xiaoping,
Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping, 1982–1992
(Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1994)

TP
: Liang Zhang, comp., and Andrew J. Nathan and Perry Link, eds.,
The Tiananmen Papers
(New York: Public Affairs, 2001)

WNZEL
: Gao Wenqian,
Wannian Zhou Enlai
(Zhou Enlai in His Later Years) (Carle Place, N.Y.: Mingjing chubanshe, 2003)

WYDXP
: Yu Guangyuan,
Wo yi Deng Xiaoping
(Recalling Deng Xiaoping) (Hong Kong: Shidai guoji chuban youxian gongsi, 2005)

YJYNP
: Zhongguo renmin jiefangjun junshi kexueyuan (Academy of Military Sciences of the Chinese People's Liberation Army), ed.,
Ye Jianying nianpu, 1897–1986
(A Chronology of Ye Jianying, 1897–1986), 2 vols. (Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian chubanshe, 2007)

YJYZ
: Fan Shuo and Ding Jiaqi,
Ye Jianying zhuan
(Biography of Ye Jianying) (Beijing: Dangdai Zhongguo chubanshe, 1995)

YJZGJSK
: Fan Shuo,
Ye Jianying zai guanjian shike
(Ye Jianying at the Critical Time) (Shenyang: Liaoning renmin chubanshe, 2001)

ZGGCDLD
: Zhonggong zhongyang dangshi yanjiushi (Central Chinese Communist Party History Research Office),
Zhongguo gongchandang xin shiqi lishi dashiji, 1978.12–2002.5
(A Chronological History of the Chinese Communist Party in the New Period, December 1978–May 2002) (Beijing: Zhonggong dangshi chubanshe, rev. ed., 2002)

Preface

1.
SWDXP-3
, p. 307.

Introduction

1.
Some earlier writings on Deng use the Wade-Giles transliteration of his name: Teng Hsiao-p'ing. Throughout this book I use the standard pinyin transliteration of his name, Deng Xiaoping, which is the name he used from 1931 until his death in 1997. Deng's father gave him the name Xiansheng, but at the suggestion of the teacher in his family school, his name was changed to Deng Xixuan, which was also the name he used in his school years and in France. In the Soviet Union he was known as “Krezov” but at Sun Yat-sen University as “Ivan Sergeevich Dozorov.” He took the name “Xiaoping” after returning to China in 1927. Some thought the name appropriate since he was short
(xiao)
and his head was flat
(ping).
He took various pseudonyms at different stages while he was in the underground from 1927 to 1931.

2.
Interview with a British diplomat who accompanied MacLehose, March 2001.

3.
As with many aphorisms associated with Deng's name, this one was not coined by Deng. The first record of Deng's use of this expression was March 22, 1966. See
DXPNP
-2, 2:1902.

4.
MZDZ
, 2:1674.

5.
Benjamin I. Schwartz,
In Search of Wealth and Power: Yen Fu and the West
(Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1964). For a basic introduction to Chinese imperial history and for references to other works, see John King Fairbank, ed.,
The Chinese World Order: Traditional China's Foreign Relations
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1968); John King Fairbank and Merle Goldman,
China: A New History
, 2d exp. ed. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006); Jonathan D. Spence,
The Search for Modern China
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1990); Paul A. Cohen,
China Unbound: Evolving Perspectives on the Chinese Past
(Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2002); Denis Twitchett and John King Fairbank, eds.,
The Cambridge History of China
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1978–); and Gungwu Wang,
To Act Is to Know: Chinese Dilemmas
(Singapore: Times Academic Press, 2002). For work incorporating recent scholarship on the Qing, the last dynasty, see also Mark C. Elliott,
Emperor Qianlong: Son of Heaven, Man of the World
(New York: Longman, 2009); R. Kent Guy,
Qing Governors and Their Provinces: The Evolution of Territorial Administration in China, 1644–1796
(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2010); William T. Rowe,
China's Last Empire: The Great Qing
(Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2009). For Sun Yat-sen, see Marie-Claire Bergère,
Sun Yat-sen
(Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1998). For Chiang Kai-shek, see Jay Taylor,
The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for Modern China
(Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2009). For the Chinese revolution, see Lucian Bianco,
Origins of the Chinese Revolution, 1915–1949
(Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1971). And for Mao Zedong, see Philip Short,
Mao: A Life
(New York: Henry Holt and Co., 1999). For Mao's writings and speeches, see Stuart R. Schram, ed.,
Mao's Road to Power: Revolutionary Writings, 1912–1949
(Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1992–2005), 10 projected volumes, 7 volumes published to date, 1912–1941.

6.
Notes from the meeting were provided to me by a participant, Merle Goldman.

1. From Revolutionary to Builder to Reformer

1.
At the time of Deng Xiaoping's birth, the small village of Paifang was called Yaopingli, within the larger administrative village of Wangxi Xiang. Later these names were changed to Paifang village and Xiexing town. See
DXPNP-1
, 1:1, August 22, 1904.

2.
Deng's daughter Deng Rong (Maomao) writes about the family background in
Deng Xiaoping: My Father
(New York: Basic Books, 1995). This section also draws on two trips to Guang'an county that included visits to Deng's home and local museums, interviews with local historians, as well as interviews with Deng Rong, 2002–2006.

3.
DXPNP-1
, 1:5, 1915.

4.
Ibid., 1:7, October 17–18, 1919.

5.
Geneviève Barman and Nicole Dulioust, “Les années Françaises de Deng Xiaoping,”
Vingtième Siècle: Revue d'histoire
, no. 20 (October–December 1988): 19;
DXPNP-1
, 1:10, October 19, 1920. Deng Rong also describes her father's study and work experience in France in her book
Deng Xiaoping: My Father
, pp. 58–79.

6.
DXPNP-1
, 1:11, January 12, 1921.

7.
Ibid., 1:12, April 2, 1921.