Denialism (29 page)
The scientific roots of synthetic biology are explored in Philip J. Pauly’s book
Controlling Life: Jacques Loeb and the Engineering Ideal in Biology
(Oxford University Press, 1987). It’s expensive and hard to find; but it is out there. I would also recommend Michael Rogers’s book about the early days of recombinant DNA technology,
Biohazard
(Knopf, 1979). That, too, is difficult to find. For anyone inclined to wonder why Eckard Wimmer created a synthetic polio virus, I suggest reading his 2006 article on the implications of the research, published in the
Journal of the European Molecular Biology Organization
, “The Test-Tube Synthesis of a Chemical Called Poliovirus
.
” A free, full-text version of the article can be found at
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=16819446
.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Abramson, John, MD.
Overdosed America: The Broken Promise of American Medicine.
New York: HarperCollins, 2008.
Allen, Arthur.
Vaccine: The Controversial Story of Medicine’s Greatest Lifesaver.
New York: W. W. Norton, 2007.
Bacon, Francis.
The New Organon; or, True Directions Concerning the Interpretation of Nature
. London, 1620.
Barnes, Barry, and John Dupré.
Genomes and What to Make of Them.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008.
Basalla, George.
The Evolution of Technology.
Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
Bausell, R. Barker.
Snake Oil Science: The Truth about Complementary and Alternative Medicine.
Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2007.
Carlson, Rob.
Biology Is Technology: The Promise, Peril, and Business of Engineering Life
. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009.
Caruso, Denise.
Intervention: Confronting the Real Risks of Genetic Engineering and Life on a Biotech Planet.
San Francisco: Hybrid Vigor Press, 2006.
Chesterton, G. K.
Eugenics and Other Evils.
Seattle: Inkling Books, 2000.
Culshaw, Rebecca.
Science Sold Out: Does HIV Really Cause AIDS?
Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books, 2007.
Dawkins, Richard.
The Selfish Gene.
Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1989.
Darwin, Charles.
On the Origin of Species
. London: John Murray, 1859.
Duster, Troy.
Backdoor to Eugenics
. New York: Routledge, 2003.
Ehrlich, Paul R.
The Population Bomb
. New York: Ballantine Books, 1968.
———, and Anne H. Ehrlich.
The Dominant Animal: Human Evolution and the Environment.
Washington, DC: Island Press, 2008.
Fukuyama, Francis.
Our Posthuman Future: Consequences of the Biotechnology Revolution.
New York: Picador, 2002.
Galton, Francis.
Hereditary Genius.
Amherst, MA: Prometheus Books, 1869.
Gessen, Masha.
Blood Matters: From Inherited Illness to Designer Babies, How the World and I Found Ourselves in the Future of the Gene.
Orlando, FL: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2008.
Goldstein, David B.
Jacob’s Legacy: A Genetic View of Jewish History.
New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008.
Goodman, Alan H., Deborah Heath, and M. Susan Lindee.
Genetic Nature/ Culture: Anthropology and Science Beyond the Two-Culture Divide
. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003.
Grace, Eric S.
Biotechnology Unzipped: Promises and Realities.
Washington, DC: Joseph Henry Press, 2006.
Graham, Loren R.
The Ghost of the Executed Engineer: Technology and the Fall of the Soviet Union.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996.
Ham, Ken, and Charles A. Ware.
Darwin’s Plantation: Evolution’s Racist Roots.
Green Forest, AR: Master Books, 2007.
Harford, Tim.
The Logic of Life: The Rational Economics of an Irrational World.
New York: Random House, 2008.
Hind, Dan.
The Threat to Reason.
New York: Verso, 2007.
Holloway, David.
Stalin and the Bomb: The Soviet Union and Atomic Energy, 1939-1956.
New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1994.
Hope, Janet.
BioBazaar: The Open Source Revolution and Biotechnology.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008.
Hughes, Thomas P.
American Genesis: A Century of Invention and Technological Enthusiasm, 1870-1970.
New York: Penguin, 1990.
———.
Human-Built World: How to Think about Technology and Culture.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004.
Jones, Steve.
The Language of Genes
. New York: Anchor, 1995.
Kevles, Daniel J.
In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995.
Kirby, David.
Evidence of Harm: Mercury in Vaccines and the Autism Epidemic; A Medical Controversy.
New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2005.
Lebo, Lauri.
The Devil in Dover: An Insider’s Story of Dogma v. Darwin in Small-Town America.
New York: New Press, 2008.
Levin, Yuval.
Imagining the Future: Science and American Democracy.
New York: Encounter Books, 2008.
Levy, David.
Love + Sex with Robots: The Evolution of Human-Robot Relationships.
New York: HarperCollins, 2007.
Loomis, William F.
Life as It Is: Biology for the Public Sphere.
Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008.
McKibben, Bill.
The End of Nature.
New York: Random House, 1989.
McNeill, William H.
Plagues and Peoples.
New York: Anchor, 1977.
McWilliams, James E.
American Pests: The Losing War on Insects from Colonial Times to DDT.
New York: Columbia University Press, 2008.
Menzies, Gavin.
1421: The Year China Discovered America.
New York: HarperCollins, 2002.
Miller, Henry I., and Gregory Conko.
The Frankenfood Myth: How Protest and Politics Threaten the Biotech Revolution
. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2004.
Mlodinow, Leonard.
The Drunkard’s Walk: How Randomness Rules Our Lives.
New York: Pantheon, 2008.
Nestle, Marion.
Food Politics. How the Food Industry Influences Nutrition and Health
. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002.
———.
What to Eat.
New York: North Point, 2006.
Noble, David F.
Progress Without People: In Defense of Luddism.
Chicago: Charles H. Kerr, 1993.
Null, Gary.
AIDS: A Second Opinion.
New York: Seven Stories Press, 2002.
Offit, Paul A.
The Cutter Incident: How America’s First Polio Vaccine Led to the Growing Vaccine Crisis.
New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005.
———.
Vaccinated: One Man’s Quest to Defeat the World’s Deadliest Diseases.
New York: HarperCollins, 2007.
———.
Autism’s False Prophets: Bad Science, Risky Medicine, and the Search for a Cure.
New York: Columbia University Press, 2008.
Paarlberg, Robert.
Starved for Science: How Biotechnology Is Being Kept Out of Africa.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008.
Pauly, Philip J.
Controlling Life: Jacques Loeb and the Engineering Ideal in Biology.
New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.
Pennock, Robert T., ed.
Intelligent Design Creationism and Its Critics: Philosophical, Theological, and Scientific Perspectives.
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001.
Perrin, Noel.
Giving Up the Gun: Japan’s Reversion to the Sword, 1543-1879
. Boston: David. R. Godine, 1979.
Pinker, Steven.
The Stuff of Thought: Language as a Window into Human Nature.
New York: Viking Penguin, 2007.
Pollan, Michael.
The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals.
New York: Penguin Press, 2006.
———.
In Defense of Food: An Eater’s Manifesto.
New York: Penguin Press, 2008.
Rees, Martin.
Our Final Century: Will Civilisation Survive the Twenty-first Century?
London: Arrow Books, 2004.
Regis, Ed.
What Is Life? Investigating the Nature of Life in the Age of Synthetic Biology.
New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2008.
Ronald, Pamela C., and Raoul W. Adamchak.
Tomorrow’s Table: Organic Farming, Genetics, and the Future of Food.
Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2008.
Rogers, Michael.
Biohazard.
New York: Knopf, 1997.
Rose, Nikolas.
The Politics of Life Itself: Biomedicine, Power, and Subjectivity in the Twenty-first Century.
Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007.
Sarich, Vincent, and Frank Miele.
Race: The Reality of Human Differences
. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2004.
Satel, Sally.
PC, M.D.
New York: Basic Books, 2000.
Schwartz, James.
In Pursuit of the Gene: From Darwin to DNA.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008.
Singh, Simon, and Edzard Ernst.
Trick or Treatment: The Undeniable Facts about Alternative Medicine.
New York: W. W. Norton, 2008.
Smith, Jeffrey M.
Genetic Roulette: The Documented Health Risks of Genetically Engineered Foods.
Fairfield, CT: Yes! Books, 2007.
Smith, Merritt Roe, and Leo Marx, eds.
Does Technology Drive History? The Dilemma of Technological Determinism.
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1994.
Speth, James Gustave.
The Bridge at the Edge of the World: Capitalism, the Environment, and Crossing from Crisis to Sustainability.
New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008.
Starr, Paul.
The Social Transformation of American Medicine
. New York: Basic Books, 1984.
Sunstein, Cass R.
Laws of Fear
. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Svendsen, Lars.
A Philosophy of Fear.
London: Reaktion Books, 2008.
Venter, J. Craig.
A Life Decoded: My Genome: My Life
. New York: Viking, 2007.
Walker, Gabriele, and Sir David King.
The Hot Topic: What We Can Do about Global Warming.
Orlando, FL: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2008.
Weil, Andrew.
Spontaneous Healing: How to Discover and Embrace Your Body’s Natural Ability to Heal Itself.
New York: Ballantine Books, 2000.
———.
Healthy Aging: A Lifelong Guide to Your Physical and Spiritual Well-Being
. New York: Knopf, 2005.
Weisman, Alan.
The World Without Us.
New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2007.
Wilmut, Ian, and Roger Highfield.
After Dolly: The Uses and Misuses of Human Cloning.
New York: W. W. Norton, 2006.
Wilson, Edward O.
The Future of Life.
New York: Knopf, 2002.
Woolfson, Adrian
. An Intelligent Person’s Guide to Genetics
. London: Duckworth/ Overlook, 2004.
INDEX
abortion
abstinence
ACT UP
acupuncture
Adamchak, Raoul
Aetiology
Africa:
arable land in
declining food production in
desertification in
drug resistance in
fears and denialism in
and HIV/AIDS
hunger in
malaria in
population growth in
poverty in
African Americans:
and disease.
See also
race
Age of Autism
ageism
Aggrastat
agriculture.
See
organic foods
AIDS activism
AIDS deniers
AIDS epidemic
AIDS virus
albuterol
Aleve (naproxen)
alternative medicines
and antioxidents
and Briggs
CAM
dangers of
deregulation of
and food additives
and food labeling
and health care
and HIV/AIDS
homeopathy
and nutrition
and placebo effect
and snake oil
and supplements
and Weil
Alzheimer’s disease
amalgam protestors
American Association for the Advancement of Science
American Medical Association (AMA)
American Museum of Natural History, New York
American Neurological Association,
Eugenical Sterilization
Ames, Bruce N.
amorphadiene
Amyris Biotechnologies
anthrax attacks (2002)
antibiotics
antioxidents
APOE protein
Apollo 13 mission
APP (amyloid precursor protein)
APPROVe study
Armstrong, Neil
artemisinin
arthritis, and Vioxx
ashwagandha
Asilomar Conference, California (1975)
aspirin
asthma:
and genetics
in Hispanics
AstraZeneca
atomic bomb
Australasian Journal of Bone and Joint Medicine
authority, questioning
autism:
advocacy groups on
anecdotal evidence on
blame sought in cases of
definitions of
developmental disorders in
and fear
genetic research on
litigation-driven hypotheses on
research funding on
rise in cases of
and special education
and state aid
symptoms similar to mercury poisoning
and vaccines
avian influenza
ayurvedic medicine
Bacon, Francis
Baltimore, David
BASF, and canola
Benedetti, Fabrizio
Berg, Paul
Bextra
Big Oil
Big Pharma
Big Tobacco
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
BioBricks
biochemistry
Biodesic
biofuels
biotech games
biotechnology:
birth of
and organic food
risks of
and world hunger
bioterrorism
bird flu
birth control pills, deaths from
Blair, Cherie
Blair, Tony
Blake, William
Blue Heron
Borlaug, Norman
Borloo, Jean-Louis
Briggs, Josephine
Bromley. Allan
Brownell, Kelly
Bt
Bügel, Susanne
Burchard, Esteban González
Burton, Dan
Bush, George W.
Butler, Samuel, “Darwin Among the Machines,”
CAM,
see
alternative medicines
Campbell, Kent
Canada, vaccinations in
cancer:
cell manipulation
and HPV vaccine
and measles
risk of
canola
Caplan, Arthur
Carlson, Rob
Biology Is Technology
Carlson Curve
Carnegie Foundation
Carrey, Jim
Carroll, Lewis
Caruso, Denise,
Intervention
cassava
Ceci, Stephen
Celebrex
Celera Genomics
censorship
Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI)
Centers for Disease Control, and polio vaccines
cervical cancer
Challenger
Charles, Prince of Wales
Chernobyl disaster
Chesterton, G. K.,
Eugenics and Other Evils
children, synthetic
China:
cotton industry in
environmental issues in
isolationism of
rice in
rising income in
tea in
chloroquine
cholera
cholesterol
chondroitin
Church, George
civilizations, emergence of
Clark, William (explorer)
Clark, William C. (professor)
Clarke, Arthur C.
Clean Water Act
Cleveland Clinic
Clinton, Bill
Clinton, Hillary
Club of Rome,
The Limits to Growth
Coca-Cola Company
Collins, Francis S.
Colten Snyder v. HHS
common ancestor
complementary and alternative medicine (CAM),
see
alternative medicines
Complete Genomics
Condit, Celeste
conspiracy:
assumptions of
confusion among theorists of
Continental Army, vaccination of
cordyceps
corporate greed
cowpox
cox-2 inhibitors (coxibs)-
Creation Museum
Crick, Francis
Crohn’s disease
crystal meth
Cuba, agriculture in
Cuyahoga River, afire
cyclooxygenase-2
DALYs (disability-adjusted life years)
Darwin, Charles
deCODE genetics
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)
denialism:
arguments used in
and conspiracy theories
distortion of facts in
forms of
and loss of control
use of term
DES (diethylstilbestrol)
diphtheria
disability-adjusted life years (DALYs)
disease,
see
illness
disposable biological systems, creation of
DNA:
capacity of tools for study of
comparisons of
components of
cost of processing
decoding sequences of
do-i t-yourself research on
and genome studies
Internet sales of
open-source biology of
personal analysis of
and polio virus research
recombinant technology
resurrecting
self-re plicating
structure of
synthetic
Dole, Bob
Dostoyevsky, Fyodor
Drazen, Jeffrey
drosophila
Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
drug metabolizing enzymes
drug resistance
Duesberg, Peter
DuPont Corporation
Dyson, Freeman
echinacea
education
Ehrlich, Paul,
The Population Bomb
Einstein, Albert
eleuthero (Siberian ginseng)
Elizabeth I, queen of England
Emanuel, Ezekiel
encephalopathy
Endy, Drew
energy, new sources of
energy drinks
Enlightenment
Enriquez, Juan
environmental issues:
and agriculture
and genetics
pollution
solutions to
ephedra
ETC Group
eugenics
Every Child by Two
evolution
common ancestor in
and genetic modification
and human genome
intelligent design as alternative to
of machines
manipulation of
natural selection
rejection of the idea of
and survival
theory of
extinct animals, bringing back to life
falciparum parasite
Falk, Gary W.
Fallon, Sally
family planning
Fauci, Anthony S.-
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
Federoff, Nina
Feinberg, Harvey
Feynman, Richard
Finland, vaccinations in
Fisher, Barbara Loe
flu virus (1918), reconstruction of
flying, fear of
folic acid
food,
see
genetically modified food; organic foods
food additives
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), UN
Food and Drug Administration (FDA):
and AIDS drug protests
bureaucracy of
drugs approved by
and ephedra
formation of
and public trust
and raw food
and safety issues
and vaccines
and Vioxx
food labels
Foo Fighters
Ford Motor Company, and Pinto
Frankel, Rob
“frankenfoods,”
Franklin, Benjamin
Franklin, James
free radicals
Fresco, Louise
Friends of the Earth
fuel:
biofuels
hydrocarbons burned for
GALA (Genetics of Asthma in Latino Americans)
Galanis, Evanthia
Galileo Galilei
Galton, Francis
Gardner, Steve
Gattaca
(film)
Geier, David
Geier, Mark
General Mills
Generation Rescue
genes:
construction of
evolution of
manipulation of
mutations in
unpredictability of
genetically encoded memory systems
genetically modified food-
for Africa
canola
cassava
environmental effects of
fears of
golden rice
opponents of
safety of
and seeds
unintended consequences of
vs. nature’s dangers
Genetically Modified Science Review Panel, UK
genetic code, nonlinear
genetic engineering
genetics:
and disease -
and environment
and eugenics
and human genome
and intelligence
pharmacogenetics
and race
recent developments in
Genetics of Asthma in Latino Americans (GALA)
genocide
genome:
data carried on one’s cell phone
sequencing of
study of
synthetic creation of
genomics:
abuse of
author’s tests in
industry-
medical applications of
Personal Genome Project
and SNPs
transgenic organisms created in
George I, king of England, children vaccinated
Gilbert, Walter
Gilmartin, Ray
global warming
Glofish
glutamine
Gluud, Christian
Godard, Jean-Luc
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von
golden rice
Gonzalez, Nicholas
Google
Gordon, Jay
Gorski, David
Government Accountability Office (GAO)
Graham, David
Green Our Vaccines
Greenpeace
Green Revolution
Griffith, Saul
Gulcher, Jeff
Haley, Boyd
Hamill, Dorothy
Handley, J. B.
Harkin, Tom
harm, quantification of
Harvard Medical School, ethical questions in
Hatch, Orrin
Healing Every Autistic Life
Healy, Bernadine
Heidmann, Thierry
Helicobacter pylori
helmets, use of
hemochromatosis
herd immunity
heredity
Hib influenza (
Haemophilus influenzae
type B)
Hispanics:
asthma in
and disease
Holocaust deniers
Homa, David
homeopathy
homeschooling
hope
HPV (human papilloma virus) vaccine
Huffington Post
Human Genome Project
Hunter, David J.
Hutchison, Clyde
hydrocarbons
I Am Legend
(film)
ibuprofen
Iceland, race and genetics study in
iGEM (International Genetically Engineered Machine)
illness:
avoiding altogether
creating new
fears of
and genetics -
and herd immunity
as judgment by God
old diseases returning
prevention of
risks of
vaccines vs.,
see
vaccinations
Immunization Safety Review Committee:
establishment of
Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine and Autism
report of
members of
public reactions against
India:
changing demographics in
environmental issues in
food supply in
golden rice in
Individuals with Disabilities Act
influenza
Institute for Genomic Research
Institute for OneWorld Health
Institute of Medicine (IOM):
on drug promotions
and public trust
and vaccine safety
Vioxx studies by
insulin
intellectual property, sharing of
intelligence, and race
intelligent design
International Center for Research in Organic Food Systems, Denmark
International Genetically Engineered Machine (iGEM)
Internet:
ordering DNA via
rapid communication via
inventions
iridology
Iskander, John
isoprenoids
Israelsen, Loren D.
Jacobs, Joseph
Japan, weapons of
Jefferson, Thomas
Jenner, Edward
Jetsons, The
(TV)
Joint BioEnergy Institute (JBEI)
Jones, Steve
Journal of the American Medical Association
Joy, Bill
Judicial Watch
Kaczynski, Ted (Unabomber)
Kartzinel, Jerry
Keasling, Jay
Kellogg Company
Kennedy, Robert F. Jr.
Kevles, Daniel J.,
In the Name of Eugenics
King, Larry