Dreamers of a New Day (50 page)

34
  Gertrude Tuckwell, ‘Preface’,
Handbook of the Daily News Sweated Industries Exhibition
(pamphlet), Anti-Sweating League, London, 1906, p. 13.

35
  Sheila Rowbotham, ‘Strategies Against Sweated Work in Britain, 1820– 1920’, in eds Sheila Rowbotham and Swasti Mitter,
Dignity and Daily Bread: New Forms of Economic Organizing Among Poor Women in the Third World and the First
, Routledge, London, 1994, pp. 179–80.

36
  The Black Country Living Museum,
Women Chainmakers: By Anvil or Hammer
, Black Country region of the TUC, Dudley, 2009, p. 13.

37
  Sylvia Pankhurst,
Daily Herald
, 29 October 1912, in Winslow,
Sylvia Pankhurst
, p. 30.

38
  Sally Alexander, ‘The Fabian Women’s Group’, in ed. Alexander,
Becoming a Woman
, p. 153; Pujol,
Feminism and Anti-Feminism in Early Economic Thought
, pp. 75–93.

39
  Rose Safran, quoted in Leon Stein,
The Triangle Fire
, ILR Press, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 2001, p. 168.

40
  Rose Schneiderman, quoted in Orleck,
Common Sense and a Little Fire
, p. 39.

41
  Clara Lemlich (Shavelson) quoted in Sarah Eisenstein,
Give Us Bread But Give us Roses: Working Women’s Consciousness in the United States,
1890
to the First World War
, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1983, p. 141.

42
  Kate Ryrie quoted in ibid., p. 144.

43
  Colette A. Hyman, ‘Labour Organizing and Female Institution-Building: The Chicago Women’s Trade Union League, 1904–1924’, in Milkman,
Women, Work and Protest
, pp. 25–9, 34–7; Robin Miller Jacoby, ‘The Women’s Trade Union League Training School for Women Organizers, 1914–1926’, in eds Joyce L. Kornbluh and Mary Frederickson,
Sisterhood and Solidarity
, Temple University Press, Philadelphia, 1984, pp. 10–13; eds Dimand, Dimand, Forget,
Women of Value
, pp. 47–50.

44
  Orleck,
Common Sense and a Little Fire
, pp. 67–8.

45
  Helen Marot,
American Labor Unions
(1914), Arno and
The New York Times
, New York, 1969, p. 68.

46
  Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, ‘Address to Workers’,
Industrial Worker
, Vol. 1, No. 18, 15 July 1909, p. 3.

47
  Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, ‘Lawrence’,
Industrial Worker
, Vol. 4, No. 10, 25 July 1912, p. 4.

48
  Ardis Cameron, ‘Bread and Roses Revisited: Women’s Culture and Working-Class Activism in the Lawrence Strike of 1912’, in Milkman,
Women, Work and Protest
, pp. 55–6.

49
  Mary Heaton Vorse, ‘The Trouble at Lawrence’,
Harper’s Weekly
, 1912, in ed. Garrison,
Rebel Pen
, pp. 31, 35.

50
  Ardis Cameron,
Radicals of the Worst Sort: Labouring Women in Lawrence, Massachusetts,
1860–1912, University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1993, pp. 142–3.

51
  Priscilla Long, ‘The Women of the Colorado Fuel and Iron Strike, 1913– 1914’, in Milkman,
Women, Work and Protest
, p. 81.

52
  Ernest Barker, ‘Equal Pay for Equal Work’,
The Times
, 22 August 1918, p. 6.

53
  Quoted in Philip S. Foner,
Women and the American Labor Movement: From the First Trade Unions to the Present
, The Free Press, New York, 1982, p. 262.

54
  The Standing Joint Committee of Industrial Women’s Organizations, 1917, quoted in Barbara Drake,
Women in Trade Unions
, Virago, London, 1984, p. 103.

55
  Lewenhak,
Women and Trade Unions
, p. 182.

56
  Drake,
Women in Trade Unions
, pp. 68–110.

57
  Lewenhak,
Women and Trade Unions
, p. 183.

58
  Lily (Webb) Ferguson, ‘Some Party History’, Typed Mss in author’s possession. On the debate about unemployed women see
Out of Work
, Nos 22–37, 1922.

59
  Augusta Bratton in eds Baxandall and Gordon,
America’s Working Women
, pp. 205–6.

60
  Frank,
Purchasing Power
, p. 104.

61
  Elise Johnson McDougald, ‘The Double Task: The Struggle of Negro Women for Sex and Race Emancipation’ (1925), in ed. Busby,
Daughters of Africa
, p. 183.

62
  DuBois,
Harriot Stanton Blatch
, pp. 218–24.

63
  Pauline Newman quoted in Graves,
Labour Women
, pp. 144–5.

64
  Kessler-Harris,
Out to Work
, pp. 207–14.

65
  Graves,
Labour Women
, p. 141.

66
  Ibid., p. 143.

9 Reworking Work

1
  Emma Goldman, ‘Intellectual Proletarians’,
Mother Earth
, Vol. III, No. 12, February 1914, p. 265.

2
  Lily Gair Wilkinson,
Woman’s Freedom
(pamphlet), Freedom Press, London, c. 1914, pp. 15–16.

3
  Olive Schreiner,
Woman and Labour
, T. Fisher Unwin, London, 1911, p. 196.

4
  Ibid., p. 65.

5
  Ibid., p. 123.

6
  Ibid., p. 201.

7
  Ibid., p. 204.

8
  Cooper,
A View from the South
, p. 254.

9
  Kate Austin, quoted in Miller, ‘Kate Austin’,
Nature, Society and Thought
, Vol. 9, No. 2, April 1996, p. 201.

10
  See Liz Stanley,
Imperialism, Labour and the New Woman: Olive Schreiner’s Social Theory
, Sociology Press, Durham, 2002, p. 88.

11
  Ada Heather-Bigg, 1894, quoted in Pujol,
Feminism and Anti-Feminism in Early Economic Thought
, p. 61.

12
  See Rowbotham,
Edward Carpenter
, p. 214.

13
  Alice Clark, Preface,
Working Life of Women in the Seventeenth Century
, Frank Cass and Company, London, 1968, no page numbers for preface.

14
  See eds Dimand, Dimand, Forget,
Women of Value
, pp. 44, 47, 51, 53, 55; Maxine Berg, ‘The First Women Economic Historians’,
Economic History Review
, Vol. 45, No. 2, May 1992, pp. 308–29.

15
  Clark, Preface,
Working Life of Women in the Seventeenth Century
, no page numbers for preface.

16
  Anthea Callen,
Angel in the Studies: Women in the Arts and Crafts Movement
1870–1914, Astragal Books, London, 1979, p. 7. See also eds Judy Attfield and Pat Kirkham,
A View from the Interior: Feminism, Women and Design
, The Women’s Press, London, 1989.

17
  Mary Ware Dennett quoted in Chen,
‘The Sex Side of Life’
, pp. 24–7.

18
  Boris,
Art and Labor
, p. 132.

19
  Jane Addams, quoted in Boris,
Art and Labor
, p. 132.

20
  Jane Addams, quoted in ibid.

21
  Ibid., p. 133.

22
  Ellen Gates Starr, ‘Art and Labor’, in ed. Jane Addams,
Hull-House Maps and Papers by Residents of Hull-House, A Social Settlement
, Thomas Y. Crowell, New York, 1895, p. 169.

23
  Scudder,
Social Ideals in English Letters
, p. 231.

24
  Ibid., p. 294. See Vida Scudder, ‘Early Days at Denison House’, Mss Vida Scudder Papers, Series 1, Box1/1, Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College, Northampton, Mass.

25
  Voltairine de Cleyre, ‘The Dominant Idea’,
Mother Earth
, Vol. V, No. 3, May 1910, p. 134.

26
  Emma Goldman,
Anarchism: What It Really Stands For
(pamphlet), Mother Earth Publishing Association, New York, 1911, no page numbers.

27
  Emma Goldman,
Anarchism and Other Essays
, Mother Earth Publishing Association, New York, 1910, p. 75.

28
  Lily Gair Wilkinson, ‘Women in Freedom’,
Woman Rebel
, Vol. I, No. 1, March 1914, p. 29.

29
  Wilkinson,
Woman’s Freedom
, p. 15.

30
  Susan Glaspell, quoted in Leslie Fishbain,
Rebels in Bohemia: The Radicals of the Masses
1911–1917, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1982, p. 66.

31
  Susan Lyn Englander,
Rational Womanhood: William M. Gilbreth and the Use of Psychology in Scientific Management,
1914–1935, PhD, University of California, Los Angeles, 1999, pp. 114–18.

32
  Trescott, ‘Lillian Moller Gilbreth’, in ed. Rothschild,
Machina Ex Dea
, p. 31.

33
  Ida M. Tarbell,
All in the Day’s Work: An Autobiography
, Macmillan Company, New York, 1939, p. 112.

34
  Ibid., p. 114.

35
  Ibid., pp. 241–2.

36
  June Jerome Camhi,
Women Against Women: American Anti-Suffragism
1880–1920, Carlson, New York, 1994, pp. 156–7.

37
  Tarbell,
All in a Day’s Work
, p. 282.

38
  Josephine Goldmark,
Fatigue and Efficiency: A Study in Industry
, Charities Publication Committee, New York, 1912, pp. 44, 52.

39
  Ibid., pp. 79–80.

40
  Ibid., pp. 81–2.

41
  Ibid., p. 286.

42
  Kathy Peiss,
Cheap Amusements: Working Women and Turn-of-the-Century New York
, Temple University Press, Philadelphia, 1986, p. 40.

43
  Elizabeth Hawes, quoted in Bettina Berch,
Radical by Design: The Life and Times of Elizabeth Hawes
, E. P. Dutton, New York, 1988, p. 37.

44
  Drake,
Women in Trade Unions
, pp. 196–7.

45
  Ed. Pauline Graham,
Mary Parker Follett – Prophet of Management: A Celebration of Writings from the 1920s
, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, Massachusetts, 1995, pp. 14–16; Englander,
Rational Womanhood
, pp. 54–9.

46
  Mary Parker Follett,
Creative Experience
, Peter Smith, New York, 1951, p. 200.

47
  Mary Parker Follett,
Constructive Conflict
, quoted in Graham,
Mary Parker Follett
, p. 68.

48
  Ibid., p. 71.

49
  Lewis Mumford,
Sketches from Life: The Early Years
, The Dial Press, New York, 1982, pp. 222–3.

50
  Helen Marot,
Creative Impulse in Industry: A Proposition for Educators
, E. P. Dutton, New York, 1918, p. 52.

51
  Ibid., p. 7.

52
  Ibid., pp. 16–19.

53
  Ibid., p. 24.

54
  Helen Marot, ‘Why Reform is Futile’,
The Dial
, 22 March 1919, quoted in Janet Polansky, ‘Helen Marot: The Mother of Democratic Technics’, in ed. Barbara Drygulski Wright et al.,
Women, Work, and Technology:Transformations
, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 1987, p. 260.

55
  Mumford,
Sketches from Life
, pp. 244–7.

56
  Kyrk,
A Theory of Consumption
, p. 63.

57
  Ibid., p. 57.

58
  Eds Dimand, Dimand, Forget,
Women of Value
, pp. 47–8, 60–64.

59
  Carby,
Reconstructing Womanhood
, p. 170.

60
  Nella Larsen,
Quicksand
, 1928, quoted in Carby,
Reconstructing Womanhood
, p. 170.

10 Democratizing Daily Life

1
  Beatrice Webb, ‘Introduction to “The Awakening of Women”, A Special Supplement to the New Statesman’, 1 November 1913, in Lengermann and Niebrugge-Brantley,
The Women Founders
, p. 303.

2
  Mitchell,
The Hard Way Up
, pp. 98–9.