Dreamers of a New Day (49 page)

31
  Teresa Billington-Greig, ‘The Consumer in Revolt’, c. 1912, in eds Carol McPhee and Ann FitzGerald,
The Non-Violent Militant: Selected Writings of Teresa Billington-Greig
, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1987, p. 284.

32
  Margaretta Hicks, quoted in June Hannam and Karen Hunt,
Socialist Women in Britain, 1880s to 1920s
, Routledge, London, 2002, p. 140.

33
  Ibid., pp. 141–2.

34
  Billington-Greig, ‘The Consumer in Revolt’, p. 270.

35
  Mrs Levy, 1902, quoted in Paula E. Hyman, ‘Immigrant Women and Consumer Protest: The New York City Kosher Meat Boycott of 1902’, in ed. Pozzetta,
Ethnicity and Gender
, p. 93.

36
  Marie Ganz in collaboration with Nat J. Ferber,
Into Anarchy and Out Again
, Dodd, Mead and Co., New York, 1920, p. 251.

37
  Ganz,
Into Anarchy and Out Again
, p. 252. On wartime militancy see Elizabeth Ewen,
Immigrant Women in the Land of Dollars: Life and Culture on the Lower East Side,
1890–1925, Monthly Review Press, New York, 1985, pp. 176–83.

38
  Minute Book, Council of the East London Federation of the Suffragettes, 6 August 1914, Sylvia Pankhurst Papers, The International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam.

39
  
The Woman’s Dreadnought
, 8 March 1914, quoted in Hannam and Hunt,
Socialist Women
, p. 180.

40
  On Mary Barbour, Helen Crawford and Agnes Dollan see eds Elizabeth Ewan, Sue Innes, Siân Reynolds,
The Biographical Dictionary of Scottish Women
, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 2007, pp. 28–9, 84–5, 98.

41
  ‘A Remarkable Demonstration in Glasgow of Women and Children’ in Elspeth King,
The Hidden History of Glasgow’s Women
, Mainstream Publishing, Edinburgh, 1993, p. 136.

42
  Parkhead Shop Stewards, quoted in Hannam and Hunt,
Socialist Women
, p. 146.

43
  Sheila Rowbotham,
Friends of Alice Wheeldon
, Pluto Press, London, 1986, pp. 87–92.

44
  Martin Pugh, ‘Women, Food and Politics, 1880–1930’,
History Today
, March 1991, p. 17.

45
  Collette,
For Labour and For Women
, p. 163; Noreen Branson,
Poplarism,
1919–1925:
George Lansbury and the Councillors’ Revolt
, Lawrence and Wishart, London, 1979, pp. 234–7.

46
  Hannam and Hunt,
Socialist Women
, p. 144.

47
  Winslow,
Sylvia Pankhurst
, pp. 91–2; Barbara Winslow, ‘Sylvia Pankhurst and the Great War’, in eds Ian Bullock and Richard Pankhurst,
Sylvia Pankhurst: From Artist to Anti-Fascist
, St. Martin’s Press, New York, 1992, pp. 102–3.

48
  Mary Heaton Vorse,
A Footnote to Folly: Reminiscences
, Arno Press, New York, 1980, p. 170.

49
  Margaret Bondfield, ‘Women as Domestic Workers’, in ed. Malos,
The Politics of Housework
, p. 89.

50
  Mitchell,
The Hard Way Up
, p. 208.

51
  Pearson,
The Architectural and Social History of Cooperative Living
, p. 144.

52
  Pat Thane, ‘Women in the British Labour Party and the Construction of State Welfare, 1906–1939’, in eds Seth Koven and Sonya Michel,
Mothers of a New World: Maternalist Politics and the Origins of Welfare States
, Routledge, New York, 1993, pp. 365–6.

53
  Quoted in Mark Swenarton,
Homes Fit for Heroes: The Politics and Architecture of Early State Housing in Britain
, Heinemann, London, 1981, p. 98.

54
  Margaret Allen, ‘‘The Women are Worse than the Men’’: Women’s Political Activism in Mining Communities, 1919–1939, MA Dissertation, International Centre for Labour Studies, University of Manchester, 1997, p. 15.

55
  Manchester Women’s History Group, ‘Ideology in Bricks and Mortar: Women’s Housing in Manchester between the Wars’,
North-West Labour History
, No. 12, 1987, pp. 24–48.

56
  ‘Women’s Guild Congress, 1923’,
The People’s Year Book and Annual of the English and Scottish Wholesale Societies
, The Co-operative Wholesale Society, Manchester, 1924, pp. 33–4.

57
  Branson,
George Lansbury and the Councillors’ Revolt
, pp. 233–7.

58
  Bertha K. Landes, quoted in Sandra Haarsager,
Bertha Knight Landes of Seattle: Big-City Mayor
, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman and London, 1994, p. 134.

59
  Ibid., pp. 152–3.

60
  Ewen,
Immigrant Women
, p. 127.

61
  Quoted in Orleck,
Common Sense and a Little Fire
, p. 222.

62
  Ibid., p. 217.

63
  Ibid., pp. 225–40.

64
  Reproduction of C.W.S. poster. See also eds Lawrence Black and Nicole Robertson,
Consumerism and the Co-operative Movement in Modern British History. Taking Stock
, Manchester University Press, Manchester, 2009; Pugh, ‘Women, Food and Politics’,
History Today
, March 1991, p. 18.

65
  Stuart Ewen,
PR! A Social History of Spin
, Basic Books, New York, 1996, p. 180.

66
  Mrs Christine Frederick,
Selling Mrs Consumer
, The Business Bourse, New York, 1928, p. 190; on cinema, glamour and consumption, see Stuart Ewen and Elizabeth Ewen,
Channels of Desire, Mass Images and the Shaping of American Consciousness
, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 1992, pp. 65–73.

67
  Frederick,
Selling Mrs Consumer
, p. 194.

68
  Ibid., p. 191.

69
  Ibid., p. 264.

70
  Hayden,
The Grand Domestic Revolution
, p. 275.

71
  Hazel Kyrk,
A Theory of Consumption
, Isaac Pitman and Sons, London, 1923, pp. 46–64.

72
  Hannam and Hunt,
Socialist Women
, pp. 153–6.

73
  
The Socialist
, 1 December 1918, p. 4.

74
  Ethel Puffer Howes, 1923, quoted in Hayden,
The Grand Domestic Revolution
, p. 270.

75
  Louise Eberle, ‘The Faking of Food’,
Collier’s
, November 1910, in ed. Harvey Swados,
Years of Conscience, The Muckrakers: An Anthology of Reform Journalism
, Meridian Books, Cleveland, 1962, p. 261.

8 Labour Problems

1
  Beatrice Potter to Sidney Webb, 12 (?) September 1891, quoted in Seymour-Jones,
Beatrice Webb
, p. 216.

2
  Beatrice Webb, Diary, 1 November 1887, quoted in eds Janice and Norman Mackenzie,
The Diaries of Beatrice Webb
, Virago, London, 2000, p. 94.

3
  Sidney Webb, 1891, quoted in Michèle A. Pujol,
Feminism and Anti-Feminism in Early Economic Thought
, Edward Elgar, Aldershot, 1992, p. 55. On the American parallels, see Deutsch,
Women and the City
, pp. 109–12.

4
  C. Helen Scott, Letter,
The Oxford University Extension Gazette
, April 1893, p. 95.

5
  Clara Collet, Diary, May 1900 (?), quoted in Rosemary O’Day, ‘Women and Social Investigation’, Clara Collet and Beatrice Potter’, in eds David Englander and Rosemary O’Day,
Retrieved Riches, Social Investigation in Britain
1840–1914, Scolar Press, Aldershot, 1995, p. 177.

6
  Harold Goldman,
Emma Paterson
, Lawrence and Wishart, London, 1974, pp. 44–5.

7
  Isabella Ford,
Women’s Wages
(pamphlet), The Humanitarian League, London, 1893; Isabella Ford,
Women as Factory Inspectors and Certifying Surgeons
(pamphlet), The Women’s Co-operative Guild, London, 1898; Isabella Ford,
Industrial Women and How to Help Them
(pamphlet), The Humanitarian League, London, c. 1901.

8
  On the match women see Louise Raw,
Striking a Light: The Bryant and May Matchwomen and Their Place in History
, Continuum, London, 2009; on Besant and Dilke, see Hollis,
Ladies Elect
, p. 113; on Black, see ed. Rodney Mace,
Taking Stock: A Documentary History of the Greater London Council’s Supplies Department
, Greater London Council, London, 1984, p. 29.

9
  Elizabeth Morgan, quoted in Sklar,
Florence Kelley and the Nation’s Work
, p. 210.

10
  Ibid., pp. 233–8, 246–7.

11
  Jenny Morris,
Women and the Sweated Trades: The Origins of Minimum Wage Legislation
, Gower, Aldershot, 1986, p. 142.

12
  Eleanor Marx, ‘A Women’s Trade Union’ in eds Hal Draper and Ann G. Lipow, ‘Marxist Women Versus Bourgeois Feminism’,
Socialist Register
, Merlin Press, London, 1976, pp. 223–4.

13
  
Commonweal
, 1 November 1890, p. 351.

14
  Quoted in Tax,
The Rising of the Women
, p. 49.

15
  Ada Nield Chew, in ed. Chew,
Ada Nield Chew
, p. 75.

16
  Ibid., pp. 75–6.

17
  Mrs Rigby, Women’s Co-operative Guild Conference,
Manchester Guardian
, 19 June 1896, Women’s Suffrage Collection, Reel 11, Manchester Central Library.

18
  Women’s Trade Union League,
Quarterly Report and Review
, April 1891, No. 1, Women’s Trade Union League, London, 1892, pp. 9, 13–14.

19
  Mary Quaile, ‘Margaret Ashton’,
Woman Citizen
, (no volume numbers), No. 281, December 1937, p. 5.

20
  Nancy Schrom Dye,
As Equals and as Sisters: Feminism, Unionism and the Women’s Trade Union League of New York
, University of Missouri Press, Columbia, 1980, pp. 14–16.

21
  Cooper,
A View from the South
, p. 254.

22
  Maggie Lena Walker quoted in Jacqueline Jones,
American Work: Four Centuries of Black and White Labor
, W. W. Norton, New York, 1998, p. 333.

23
  Rosalyn Terborg-Penn, ‘Survival Strategies Among African-American Women Workers: A Continuing Process’, in ed. Ruth Milkman,
Women, Work and Protest: A Century of US Women’s Labor History
, Routledge and Kegan Paul, Boston, 1985, pp. 142–4.

24
  Sharon Harley, ‘When Your Work is Not Who You Are: The Development of a Working-Class Consciousness Among Afro-American Women’, in eds Hine, King, Reed,
‘We Specialize in the Wholly Impossible’
, p. 28.

25
  Doris Nield Chew, ‘The Life’, in Chew,
Ada Nield Chew
, pp. 27–8.

26
  Avrich,
An American Anarchist
, pp. 70–74.

27
  Anzia Yezierska quoted in Alice Kessler-Harris,
Out to Work: A History of Wage-Earning Women in the United States
, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1982, p. 226. On Anzia Yezierska see Showalter,
A Jury of Her Peers
, pp. 318–21.

28
  Charlotte Perkins Gilman, 1933, quoted in Lane,
To Herland and Beyond
, p. 324. On Gilman’s distress at being separated from Katharine see Charlotte Perkins Gilman to Emily (Perkins) Hale, 29 May, 1897. Hale Family Papers, Box 108, Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College, Northampton, Mass.

29
  Florence Kelley, quoted in Sklar,
Florence Kelley and the Nation’s Work
, p. 179.

30
  Eileen Boris,
Home to Work: Motherhood and the Politics of Industrial Homework in the United States
, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1994, p. 112.

31
  Kessler-Harris,
Out to Work
, p. 230.

32
  Alice Kessler-Harris, ‘The Paradox of Motherhood: Night Work Restrictions in the United States’, in eds Ulla Wikander, Alice Kessler-Harris, and Jane Lewis,
Protecting Women: Labor Legislation in Europe, the United States and Australia, 1880–1920
, University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1995, p. 339.

33
  Mary Macarthur quoted in Sheila Lewenhak,
Women and Trade Unions: An Outline History of Women in the British Trade Union Movement
, Ernest Benn, London, 1977, p. 126.