Empires of the Word: A Language History of the World (121 page)

see also
India

empire 19-20, 478

immigrants 491, 506, 533-537

Industrial Revolution 510, 519

language replacement 310, 312

military catastrophe 273

origin of name 517

Peasants’ Revolt 468

Roman invasion 301-304, 310-311

Saxon invasions 304-305, 310-314

see also
India; United Kingdom

British and Foreign Bible Society 438

Brough, John, British scholar of Sanskrit 184

Brunei 505, 532

Brythonic languages
291

Buchanan, Claudius, British ranter 499

Buddhism 99, 108, 118, 120, 141, 143, 145
n
, 146, 147, 151, 158-159, 172, 225, 246

and
Pali/Sanskrit
178-179, 189-192, 199-200, 203, 207-212, 214, 217-220, 536

Bukhara 435, 437

Bulgaria 262, 310

Bulgars 261, 306, 425

Burgundians 20

Burma 134, 178, 201, 202, 203, 205, 207-208, 505, 507

Burns, Robert, Scots poet 516

Burundi 105

Business
see
Trade

Byblos (Gubla) 39, 41, 44, 71-73, 128

Byzantine empire 96, 106, 121, 167, 260, 263
n
, 329, 425, 427

Byzantium
see
Constantinople

Cabot, Sebastian, French navigator 349
n

Cadiz 45

Caesar, Julius, Roman dynast 277-278, 286, 293, 294, 297, 301

Caesarius of Arelate, Latin writer 308

Calderón de la Barca, Pedro, Spanish dramatist 344

Californios 495

Calhoun, John J., US Senator 488

Calliana 89
see
Kalyana

Cambodia 199, 203-206, 417, 514

see also
Khmer

Cambyses, king of Persia 47

Camões, Luis Vaz de, Portuguese poet 381-382

Canaan 35
n
, 69
n
, 70-71, 78, 110-111, 128

peoples 44, 67

Canaanite languages
129

Canada 411-415, 444, 487, 535

Canterbury Tales, The
(Chaucer) 470
n

Cantiga de Santa Maria
(Alfonso X) 384

Canton (Guangzhou) 159-160, 334

Cantonese (Yuè) dialect of Chinese
136, 141, 147, 528

Carian 84

Caribbean 335, 337, 339, 346, 349, 365-366, 379, 411, 412, 419, 479-481, 494

Carlos III, Spanish king 374, 377

Carlos V, Spanish king 367, 377

Carolingian Renaissance 316

Carthage 21, 34, 45-46, 71, 75-78, 97, 241, 290, 292, 293-294, 305, 307
n
, 536

Cartier, Jacques, French explorer 412, 519

Castile 332, 334, 384, 529

Castilian dialect of Spanish
99-100, 332-333, 364-365, 367, 374, 382, 384, 400, 529

Catalan
300, 320
n
, 382

Catherine the Great, empress of Russia 410, 431, 433, 434, 435

Cato, Marcus, Roman senator 279

Catullus, poet 330

Caucasus 12, 429, 434

Cavalli-Sforza, Luca, human population geneticist 9
n

Caxton, William 468, 471

Celtiberian
288, 291-292, 300, 301

Celtic languages
273, 276, 278, 281-295, 300, 462, 464-465, 517, 554
n

Celts 274, 281

Atlantic Celtic 290-291

expansion across Europe 289

failure of
Latin
in Britain 295-299

Greek view 276

inscriptions 283, 284-285

mass migration 293

and Norman invasions 462-463

tribes 282

see also
Gauls

Central Andes 358-359

Central Asia 101, 380, 435, 436-437, 443

Ceylon
see
Śri Lanka

Chad 98

Chadic languages
36, 98

Chagatay Turkic
106, 435

Chalcedonians 89

Chaldaeans 44, 47, 82, 335

Champlain, Samuel de, French explorer 412

Chandragupta Maurya, king 191, 245

Chang-an (Xian) 90, 91, 151

Chanson de Roland
319, 332
n

Chardin, Teilhard de, French theologian 403
n

Charlemagne, king 316-317

Charles the Bald, king 317-318

Charles II, king 485

Charles III (the Simple), king 460

Charles V, king 100, 364

Chaucer, Geoffrey, English poet 406, 470

Chechen-Ingush
423
n

Chechnya 434

Chibcha
(
also
Muisca/Muysca
) 349, 361-364, 367, 568
n
15, 569
n
37

Chichimeca 351-352

Chile 339, 358, 373
n

China 34

chronological charts 117-122

demographics 530

etymology of the name 137
n

examination system 169-171

invasions

barbarian threat 158, 160, 167-170, 276

coping with 167-173

Portugese expeditions 334

Russian 427

and Korea 451

modern name
Zhōng-guo
167

population 152-153, 161, 173

racial policy 143

religion 90, 150-152, 158-159, 172, 178

trade 147-149, 159-162, (with India) 506

Western methods 172

Zheng-he tablet 160-161

Chinese
114-116, 134-149, 150, 158-163, 169-172, 328-329, 490, 520, 528, 547

dialects 116, 147, 528, 530

báihuà
(white speech) dialect
171-172

Cantonese (Yuè) dialect
136, 141, 147, 528 and
English
476-477

literacy 157

major language groups 139

Mandarin dialect 7, 115
n
, 116-117, 136, 141, 145, 147, 162-163, 171, 172
n
, 526, 528-530

Min dialect
147, 162

phonetics 209-210

Pinyin romanization 115
n
, 155, 172
n

Chinese
(cont.)

popular literature 172
n

and Portuguese 390, 476

Putōnghuà
116

script 11, 12
n

speaking traditions 12, 21, 106

writing 135-136, 137-138, 144-145, 154-158, 163, 172
n
, 173, 329

Chiriguano dialect of Guarani
363

Chontal de Tabasco
348

Christianity 22, 87-90, 92, 96, 99, 117, 121, 132-133, 141, 150, 156, 158-159, 165-167, 172

Calvinism 400-402

and codex book-format 256
n

and
Greek
255-256, 269-270

Greek
Septuagint
248

Latin
Vulgate
294

missionaries 345-347, 364, 368, 371, 373-375, 380, 387, 392-394, 413-414, 416, 481
n
, 485, 499, 509, 536, 540
n

Monophysites 89

Nestorians 88-90, 119, 120, 141, 158, 536

Nonconformism 93

Orthodoxy 264, 269-270

Protestantism 326, 499-504

Samaritan Christians 87

scriptures

Acts of the Apostles
248

First Letter to the Corinthians
254

Synod of Whitby 517

texts in popular style 255-256

see also
Americas, Dutch East Indies, Portugal, Spain

Chuvash
140
n
, 306
n

Ci Xi, Chinese empress 151
n

Cicero, Roman senator, 272, 329-330

Cilicia 83, 249

Cisneros, Cardinal, Spanish divine 365

Classic of Changes (Yì Jīng)
154

Classical languages

their fates compared 328-330 (
Greek, Chinese, Sanskrit
and
Latin
); and specifically

Sumerian
34, 50, 68;
Ge’ez
92;
Arabic
98, 110;
Egyptian
124;
Chinese
136, 169-170;
Sanskrit
185-190, 206;
Greek
229, 250-253, 267-271;
Latin
299