Endgame (16 page)

The New York winter wind began to blow snow flurries through the trees of Central Park as Bobby entered the Manhattan Chess Club for the first round of the United States Championship. Immediately, a buzz of awe passed among the spectators, some of whom called out—as if Jack Dempsey had entered the ring—
“There’s Fischer.”

Perhaps Bisguier was right. The field
did
seem stronger than the previous year. Players who turned down the invitation in 1956 accepted readily in 1957, as Bobby had, because of the importance of the tournament. Almost all of the fourteen entrants wanted an opportunity to go to the Interzonal, and it was rumored that some had entered to take a crack at Bobby Fischer. It was a chance to play against a growing legend.

Bobby walked to his board and silently sneered at the chess timer. It looked like two alarm clocks side by side and had a plunger on its flanks for each player. Bobby disliked the timer because it took up too much room on the table—plus, you had to push the plunger forward to stop your clock and start your opponent’s. That took too much time, especially when a player faced time pressure and every second counted. In contrast, the new BHB clocks from Germany featured buttons on top, which made them much faster to operate: As one’s hand quit the piece, in a swift motion one could hit the button with one’s retracting hand, thereby saving a second or two. There was rhythm that could be established with top-button clocks, and Fischer had become a connoisseur of that kind of clock. Nevertheless, in the 1957 championship he put up with the old push-plunger clunkers.

Bobby started off with a win against Arthur Feuerstein, defeating the young up-and-comer for the first time. Bobby then drew with Samuel Reshevsky, who was the defending champion, in an extremely intense game—and the fourteen-year-old was on fire after that, at one point amassing five wins in a row.

Bobby’s last-round opponent was the rotund Abe Turner, a perpetual acting
student whose great claim to thespian fame was that he’d been a contestant on Groucho Marx’s television program,
You Bet Your Life
. Turner, who exhibited an
opéra bouffe
appearance but was a slashing and dangerous player, had beaten Bobby in the previous year’s Rosenwald. So Bobby was especially careful when playing him. After only a few minutes, though, Turner, in his high-pitched voice, offered Bobby a draw on the eighteenth move. Bobby accepted and then nonchalantly walked around the club as the other games were still being contested. He’d amassed 10 ½ points, and just as at the United States Open, he hadn’t lost a game. The peach-faced Lombardy, who wasn’t in the running for the title, was playing the venerated Reshevsky, and the Old Fox stood at 9 ½ points. If Reshevsky defeated Lombardy, he’d equal Bobby’s score and they’d be declared co-champions: In this championship there were no tie-breaking systems or play-offs. To while away the time, and perhaps to feign indifference until the deciding game was finished, Bobby began playing speed chess with a few of his chess friends. Occasionally, he’d wander over to the Lombardy-Reshevsky game and scan it for a few seconds. Eventually, after making one of these trips, he declared matter-of-factly, as if there was no room for debate, “
Reshevsky’s busted.” Lombardy was playing the game of his life, steamrolling over Reshevsky’s position. When it was entirely hopeless, Reshevsky removed his lighted cigarette from its holder, pursed his lips, and resigned. Bobby came over to the board and said to his friend, “You played tremendously.” The twenty-year-old Lombardy smiled and said, “Well, what could I do? You forced me to beat Sammy!” With Reshevsky’s loss, fourteen-year-old Bobby Fischer was the United States Chess Champion.

T
HE
O
DYSSEY BECAME
more than just a routine or a habit. It was a ritual, a quest for chess wisdom. After classes during the school year, on Saturdays, and all throughout the summer when he wasn’t playing in tournaments—on the days that he didn’t go to the Collins home—Bobby would walk to the Flatbush Avenue subway station and take the train across the East River into Manhattan, exiting at Union Square. He’d stride south on Broadway to Greenwich Village, and make his way to the Four Continents Book Store, an emporium of Russian-language books, music recordings, periodicals, and handmade gifts such as nested
martryoshka
dolls. It has been confirmed through the Freedom of Information Act that the FBI conducted an investigation and surveillance of the Four Continents from the 1920s to the 1970s, amassing fifteen thousand reports, photos, and documents on whoever entered, exited, or bought from the store, looking for potential Communist sympathizers or Soviet agents. In the 1950s, when Bobby frequented the establishment, the Bureau was particularly active,
hoping to supply information to the House Un-American Activities Committee.

The Four Continents stocked a small but potent collection of chess books, as well as the latest copies of
Shakhmatny Bulletin
, a newly launched Russian-language periodical. This chess magazine contained theoretical articles and reports on the latest games from around the world, mostly games involving players from the Soviet Union. Fischer learned when the new copies would arrive each month, and within a day or two of their appearance he’d be at the Four Continents to purchase the latest edition.
To others he proclaimed
Shakhmatny Bulletin
“the best chess magazine in the world.”

He’d play over the magazine’s featured games assiduously, following the exploits of eighteen-year-old Boris Spassky, the chess comet who’d won the World Junior Championship in 1955. He also studied the games of Mark Taimanov, the 1956 champion of the Soviet Union—and a concert pianist—who introduced novelties in opening play that Fischer found instructive. Thumbing through copies of each edition,
Bobby made a mental note of which openings being played around the world won more games than others and which seemed too unorthodox. He also noted the games that ignited his interest toward further exploration. The games of the masters that he discovered in
Shakhmatny
became his models; later, some of these masters would emerge as his competitors.

At the Four Continents, Bobby bought a hardcover Russian-language copy of the
Soviet School of Chess
for $2. A classic of contemporary chess literature, it had been issued as a propagandistic treatise to highlight the “rise of the Soviet school to the summit of world chess [as] a logical result of socialistic cultural development.” Even as a teenager, it’s likely that Bobby was able to separate the not-so-subtle Soviet attempt at indoctrination from the sheer brilliance of the games and what he learned from them. He was in awe of the acuity and the rapid, intuitive understanding of the Soviet players, inarguably the best in the world at that time.
When Bobby was fourteen, he gave an interview to a visiting Russian journalist from
Shakhmatny v SSSR (Chess in the Soviet Union)
saying that he wanted to play the best Russian masters, and elaborated: “
I watch what your grandmasters do. I know their games. They are sharp, attacking, full of fighting spirit.”

Bobby browsed and shopped at the Four Continents for years, and nothing attracted him more than a book he’d heard spoken about in almost reverential whispers: Isaac Lipnitsky’s
Questions of Modern Chess Theory
. For chess players, the book became an instant classic the moment it was published in 1956, and copies were scarce. A chess-playing friend, Karl Burger, ten years older, who went on to become a medical doctor and an international master, first told Bobby about the tome, feeding the boy’s imagination about the wisdom it contained. Bobby was eager to read it but had to place a special order through the Four Continents. Only months later did it arrive, poorly printed on cheap paper and filled with typographical errors.

Bobby cared nothing about the book’s physical appearance, though. He
pored over the pages, as if he were a philosophy student attempting to understand Immanuel Kant’s
Critique of Pure Reason
. He struggled with the Russian and continually asked his mother to translate some of the prose passages that accompanied the annotations of the moves. She didn’t mind at all and was, in fact, delighted that he was learning some Russian. For his part, Bobby was astonished at how much insight he absorbed from the book.

Lipnitsky stressed the connection between commanding the center squares of the board and seizing the initiative through the mobilization of the pieces. It’s a simple notion, almost rudimentary, but accomplishing this in an actual game can be quite difficult. Lipnitsky didn’t just fling concepts at the reader, but rather gave clear and logical examples of how to do what he recommended. In his own games Bobby began employing some of Lipnitsky’s suggestions and adopted a plan called the Lipnitsky Attack when playing against the Sicilian Defense. Years later, he’d quote Lipnitsky’s precepts in his own writings.

After spending perhaps an hour in the Four Continents in pursuit of the best in current chess literature, Bobby would cross the street to the Dickensian shop of the phlegmatic Dr. Albrecht Buschke, where he sought an entrée into the past. The shop was located deep within the innards of an old office building that, one hundred years earlier, had been the Hotel St. Denis, the place where Paul Morphy, America’s unofficial World Champion, had stayed when he played in the First American Chess Congress. For Bobby, the building was a totemic destination since it also contained the offices of the U.S. Chess Federation, housed in what had been the St. Denis’s bridal suite.

Buschke’s lair was no larger than a small bedroom. It smelled of mold, was redolent of antique paper and bindings, and was permeated with a perennial gray cloud from Buschke’s cigar. Used chess books were everywhere, hidden in every conceivable crevice, many stacked from floor to ceiling or on top of chairs, or weighing down and bending the shelves. Some were haphazardly strewn across the floor; none seemed to be in thematic order. If a customer questioned the proprietor about a book’s price being too high, he had the perverse habit of saying, “Oh, I’m sorry,” erasing the price that had been penciled in, and autocratically adding a new one that was higher!

Bobby pored over Buschke’s holdings for hours, looking for that one book,
that one magazine, that one luminous game that might lead him to enlightenment. And he bought some books that were many decades old, such as Rudolf von Bilguer’s
Handbuch
and Wilhelm Steinitz’s
Modern Chess Instructor
. The serendipity of finding a book he hadn’t known about was delicious, as was the pleasure of discovering the expected—a book he knew he wanted if only he could find it in Buschke’s labyrinth.

Bobby’s funds were meager, but the good doctor would often give him a discount price, a policy he shared with absolutely no one else.
When Bobby won the U.S. Championship, Buschke gave him a $100 gift certificate, and he took months to select his gift books, picking nothing but the best.

From Buschke’s, Bobby would sprint around the corner to the University Place Book Shop, just a pawn’s throw away. The store had a chess collection—at prices lower than Buschke’s—combined with a specialization in Caribbean and radical literature. It was at that store that Bobby met a short man named Archie Waters, who wasn’t only a chess player but also the World Champion of a variation of draughts called Spanish Pool Checkers, played for money in Harlem and other urban neighborhoods. Waters, a journalist by profession, had written two books on the variation, both of which he presented to Bobby—eventually, he’d teach the boy the intricacies of the game and become a lifelong friend. Bobby obligingly studied Waters’s books and other checkers books, but he never entered a tournament. He enjoyed checkers but found it far less of a challenge than chess. The only thing the two games had in common, he said, was the board of light and dark squares.

Within the chess world, Bobby at fourteen was something of a celebrity, and the general media were also finding his anomalous background good copy for their publications: a poor kid from Brooklyn who seemed interested only in chess, carelessly—or certainly, casually—dressed, talking in monosyllables, and beating the most renowned adepts of the day. Each story generated more publicity, and Regina, while conflicted about her son’s prospects, tried to help Bobby by capitalizing on the attention.
Her oft-quoted statement that she’d tried everything she could to discourage her son from playing chess “but it was hopeless” had been blurted out in an offhand moment in an attempt to deflect the blame she was receiving for not broadening him. The
truth is, she knew that Bobby’s self-chosen raison d’être was to become the world’s best at chess, and like any mother wanting her child to achieve his dreams, she supported him, ultimately becoming his pro bono press agent, advocate, and manager.