Extreme Medicine (28 page)

Naef, Andreas P. (2004). “The Mid-century Revolution in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery: Part 5.”
Interactive Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery
3, no. 3 (September 2004): 415–22.


Proksch, Ehrhardt, Johanna M. Brandner, and Jens-Michael Jensen. “The Skin: An Indispensable Barrier.”
Experimental Dermatology
17, no. 12 (December 2008): 1063–72.

Sellors, Thomas Holmes. “The Genesis of Heart Surgery.”
British Medical Journal
1, no. 5537 (February 18, 1967): 385–93.


Selzer, Arthur, and Keith E. Cohn. “Natural History of Mitral Stenosis: A Review.”
Circulation
45, no. 4 (April 1972): 878–90.


Sinclair, Colin M., Muthu K. Thadstad, and Ian Barker. “Modern Anaesthetic Machines.”
Continuing Education in Anaesthesia, Critical Care & Pain
6, no. 2 (April 2006): 75–78.


Søreide, Kjetil, Patrizio Petrone, and Juan A. Asensio. “Emergency Thoracotomy in Trauma: Rationale, Risks, and Realities.”
Scandinavian Journal of Surgery
96, no. 1 (Winter 2007): 4–10.


Symbas, Panagiotis N., and Alexander G. Justicz. “Quantum Leap Forward in the Management of Cardiac Trauma: The Pioneering Work of Dwight E. Harken.”
Annals of Thoracic Surgery
55, no. 3 (March 1993): 789–91.


Waisel, David. “Norman's War.”
Anesthesiology
98, no. 4 (April 2003): 995–1003.


———. “The Role of the Second World War and the European Theater of Operations in the Development of Anesthesiology as a Physician Specialty in the USA.”
Anesthesiology
94, no. 5 (May 2001): 907–14.


Willan, Robert Joseph. “George Grey Turner.”
Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England
9, no. 4 (October 1951): 274–76.

TRAUMA

The Styner family's story is a prime example of a tale that many medics know of but very few know properly. It was a genuine honor to have been able to talk with Dr. James K. Styner about his incredible story and the birth of the Advanced Trauma Life Support courses. Dr. Styner was generous to a fault with his time and pointed me at a newly published account of that famous day's events, authored by his son Randal Styner. That book, titled
The Light of the Moon
(2012), gives a much fuller account of the horror of the plane crash and the determination that led to the establishment of a new standard in trauma care. When Jim and I finally spoke, I thanked him, belatedly, for getting me through the worst of that terrible day in Soho.

American College of Surgeons.
Advanced Trauma Life Support Manual
, 6th ed. Chicago: American College of Surgeons, 1997.

Baker, Michael S. “Military Medical Advances Resulting from the Conflict in Korea, Part I: Systems Advances That Enhanced Patient Survival.”
Military Medicine
177, no. 4 (April 2012): 423–29.

Brøchner, Anne Craveiro, and Palle Toft. “Pathophysiology of the Systemic Inflammatory Response After Major Accidental Trauma.”
Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine
17 (September 15, 2009): 43.

Buncombe, Andrew, et al. “Two Dead, 81 Injured as Nail Bomb Blasts Gay Pub in Soho.”
Independent,
May 1, 1999, www.independent.co.uk/news/two-dead-81-injured-as-nail-bomb-blasts-gay-pub-in-soho-1096580.html.

Cooper, Graham J., and David E. M. Taylor. “Biophysics of Impact Injury to the Chest and Abdomen.”
Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps
135, no. 2 (June 1989): 58–67.

Elster, Eric A. “Trauma and the Immune Response: Strategies for Success.”
Trauma
62, no. 6 suppl. (June 2007): 54–55.

Frykberg, Eric R., and Joseph J. Tepas III. “Terrorist Bombings: Lessons Learned from Belfast to Beirut.”
Annals of Surgery
208, no. 5 (November 1988): 569–76.

Holt, Richard. “Soho Nail Bomber to Serve at Least 50 Years.”
Daily Telegraph
(London), March 2, 2007, www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1544276/Soho-nail-bomber-to-serve-at-least-50-years.html.

Hull, J. B. “Traumatic Amputation by Explosive Blast: Pattern of Injury in Survivors.”
British Journal of Surgery
79, no. 12 (December 1992): 1303–6.

Katz, Arnold M. “Ernest Henry Starling, His Predecessors, and the ‘Law of the Heart.'”
Circulation
106, no. 23 (December 3, 2002): 2986–92.

King, Booker, and Ismail Jatoi. “The Mobile Army Surgical Hospital (MASH): A Military and Surgical Legacy.”
Journal of the National Medical Association
97, no. 5 (May 2005): 648–56.

Lee, Christopher C., et al. “A Current Concept of Trauma-Induced Multiorgan Failure.”
Annals of Emergency Medicine
38, no. 2 (August 2001): 170–76.

Ng, Roy L., et al. “The Soho Nail Bomb: The UCH Experience.”
Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England
83, no. 5 (September 2001): 297–301.

Rignault, Daniel P. “Recent Progress in Surgery for the Victims of Disaster, Terrorism, and War.”
World Journal of Surgery
16, no. 5 (September–October 1992): 885–87.

Skandalakis, Panagiotis N., et al. “‘To Afford the Wounded Speedy Assistance': Dominique Jean Larrey and Napoleon.”
World Journal of Surgery
30, no. 8 (August 2006): 1392–99.

Styner, James K. “The Birth of Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS).”
Surgeon
4, no. 3 (June 2006): 163–65.

Tsukamoto, Takeshi, R. Savanh Chanthaphavong, and Hans-Christoph Pape. “Current Theories on the Pathophysiology of Multiple Organ Failure After Trauma.”
Injury
41, no. 1 (January 2010): 21–26, 313.

Vasagar, Jeevan. “Soho Bomb Victims Tell of Devastation as Pub Torn Apart.”
Guardian
(Manchester, UK), June 8, 2000, www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2000/jun/08/uksecurity.jeevanvasagar.

INTENSIVE CARE

Intensive care can claim to have had many origins.
The History of British Intensive Care
, published as part of a Wellcome Trust Witnesses to Twentieth Century Medicine project, details many contributing factors besides the events of Copenhagen in 1953. However, Bjørn Ibsen's efforts during that polio epidemic still appear to have been key to the proliferation of larger, better-organized units dedicated to the care of critically ill patients.

The story of the epidemic that swept through Mauritius was unknown to me before writing this book. Interviewing my own father about life in the fishing village of Grand Gaube led to genuinely unexpected personal discoveries about his early life and the devastation that polio brought to the family.

Here I must also thank Dr. Nicholas Hirsch, a consultant anesthetist at the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery who had a hand in training me while I was a junior doctor and whose enthusiasm for the history of anesthesia and intensive-care medicine sparked my own.

I met Charles Gomersall while we were lecturing together on a disaster-management course for the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. The SARS epidemic became an event that most clinicians learned about only in abstraction through research articles. The number of deaths worldwide was mercifully small—thanks largely to the efforts of Carlo Urbani and his colleagues—but that statistic belies the frankly heroic experience of a handful of intensive-care units and hospitals throughout the world, which bore the brunt of the outbreak. I am grateful to Professor Gomersall for taking the time to speak with me about those events.

Abraham, T.
Twenty-First Century Plague: The Story of SARS.
Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005.

Andersen, Erik Wainø, and Bjørn Ibsen. “The Anaesthetic Management of Patients with Poliomyelitis and Respiratory Paralysis.”
British Medical Journal
1, no. 4865 (1954): 786–68.

Berthelsen, Preben G., and Mats Cronqvist. “The First Intensive Care Unit in the World: Copenhagen 1953.”
Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica
47, no. 10 (November 2003): 1190–95.

Chan-Yeung, Moira, and Wai Cho Yu. “Outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome in Hong Kong Special Administrative Region: Case Report.”
British Medical Journal
326, no. 7394 (April 2003): 850–52.

Cyranoski, David. “China Joins Investigation of Mystery Pneumonia.”
Nature
422, no. 6931 (April 3, 2003): 459.

Fleck, Fiona. “Carlo Urbani” (obituary).
British Medical Journal
326, no. 7393 (April 12, 2003): 825.

———. “How SARS Changed the World in Less Than Six Months.”
Bulletin of the World Health Organization
81, no. 8 (January 2003): 625–26, www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=s0042-96862003000800014.

Gomersall, C.D., et al. “Expanding ICU Facilities in an Epidemic: Recommendations Based on Experience from the SARS Epidemic in Hong Kong and Singapore.”
Intensive Care Medicine
32, no. 7 (July 2006): 1004–13.

———, et al. “Transmission of SARS to Healthcare Workers. The Experience of a Hong Kong ICU.”
Intensive Care Medicine
32, no. 4 (April 2006): 564–69. Epub 2006 Feb 25.

Ibsen B. “The Anæsthetist's Viewpoint on the Treatment of Respiratory Complications in Poliomyelitis During the Epidemic in Copenhagen, 1952.”
Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine
47, no. 1 (January 1954): 72–74.

———. “From Anaesthesia to Anaesthesiology. Personal Experiences in Copenhagen During the Past 25 Years.”
Acta Anaesthesiol Scand Suppl
. 61 (1975): 1–69.

Li, T.S., et al. “Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS): Infection Control.”
Lancet
19, no. 361 (April 2003, 9366): 1386.

McFarlan, Allan M., George Williamson Auchinvole Dick, and H. John Seddon. “The Epidemiology of the 1945 Outbreak of Poliomyelitis in Mauritius.”
Quarterly Journal of Medicine,
new series, 15 (July 1946): 183–208.

Parashar, U.D., and L. J. Anderson. “Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome: Review and Lessons of the 2003 Outbreak.”
International Journal of Epidemiology
33, no. 4 (August 2004): 628–34. Epub 2004 May 20.

Peiris, Joseph S. M., et al. “Coronavirus as a Possible Cause of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome.”
Lancet
361, no. 9366 (April 19, 2003): 1319–25, http://image.thelancet.com/extras/03art3477web.pdf.

———, et al. “The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome.”
New England Journal of Medicine
349, no. 25 (December 18, 2003): 2431–41.

Reilley, Brigg, et al. “SARS and Carlo Urbani.”
New England Journal of Medicine
348, no. 20 (May 15, 2003): 1951–52.

Reisner Sénélar, Louise. “The Danish Anaesthesiologist Björn Ibsen, a Pioneer of Long-Term Ventilation on the Upper Airways.” Dissertation, Department of Medicine, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, 2009.

———. “The Birth of Intensive Care Medicine: Björn Ibsen's Records.”
Intensive Care Medicine
37, no. 7 (July 2011): 1084–86. doi: 10.1007/s00134-011-2235-z.

Reynolds, L.A., and Elizabeth M. Tansey, eds.
History of British Intensive Care c. 1950–c. 2000.
Wellcome Witnesses to Twentieth Century Medicine, vol. 42, Queen Mary, University of London, 2011.

Richmond, Caroline. “Bjørn Ibsen” (obituary).
British Medical Journal
335, no. 7621 (September 27, 2007): 674.

Sample, Donald W., and Charles A. Evans. “Estimates of the Infection Rates for Poliomyelitis Virus in the Years Preceding the Poliomyelitis Epidemics of 1916 in New York and 1945 on Mauritius.”
Journal of Hygiene
55, no. 2 (June 1957): 254–65.

“SARS in Hong Kong: From Experience to Action” (extract).
Australian Health Review
26 (2003), no. 3: 22–25.

Wong, Tze-wai, et al. “Cluster of SARS Among Medical Students Exposed to Single Patient, Hong Kong.”
Emerging Infectious Diseases
10, no. 2 (February 2004): 269–76.

Yu, I.T., and J. J. Sung. “The Epidemiology of the Outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in Hong Kong—What We Do Know and What We Don't.”
Epidemiology and Infection
132, no. 5 (October 2004): 781–86.

WATER

Dr. C. J. Brooks's long-running investigation into the factors that conspire to make helicopter crashes at sea so difficult to survive are touched upon only briefly at the start of this chapter. I had the pleasure of running into Dr. Brooks at a conference about risk management in London last year. He tells me that when he travels on helicopters, he tapes a piece of string from the exit door, along the floor, to the seat in which he's sitting, to make sure he can find his way out of the vehicle in the event of an emergency!

My friend Dr. Mike Tipton, a thermal physiologist at Portsmouth University, answered many queries I had here and elsewhere in the book about the human body's responses to the extremes of high and low temperatures. He was so helpful that I have almost forgiven him for making me endure the cold-shock response firsthand, in a chilly pool of water that doubles as his laboratory for physiological experimentation.

Brooks, C.J.,
The Human Factors Relating to Escape and Survival from Helicopters Ditching in Water.
Neuilly-sur-Seine, France: Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development, August 1989, http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA215755.

———, et al. “Civilian Helicopter Accidents into Water: Analysis of 46 Cases, 1979–2006.”
Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine
79, no. 10 (October 2008): 935–40.

Cheung, Stephen S., N. J. D'Eon, and C. J. Brooks. “Breath-Holding Ability of Offshore Workers Inadequate to Ensure Escape from Ditched Helicopters.”
Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine
72, no. 10 (October 2001): 912–18.

Craig, Albert B., Jr. “Causes of Loss of Consciousness During Underwater Swimming.”
Journal of Applied Physiology
16 (1961): 583–86.