Extreme Medicine (29 page)

———. “Depth Limits of Breath Hold Diving (an Example of Fennology).”
Respiration Physiology
5 (1968): 14–22.

———. “Heart Rate Responses to Apneic Underwater Diving and to Breath Holding in Man.”
Journal of Applied Physiology
18 (1963): 854–62.

———, and William L. Medd. “Oxygen Consumption and Carbon Dioxide Production During Breath-Hold Diving.”
Journal of Applied Physiology
24 (1968): 190–202.

———, and Donald E. Ware. “Effect of Immersion in Water on Vital Capacity and Residual Volume of the Lungs.”
Journal of Applied Physiology
23, no. 4 (October 1967): 423–25.

Fahlman, Andreas. “The Pressure to Understand the Mechanism of Lung Compression and Its Effect on Lung Function.”
Journal of Applied Physiology
104, no. 4 (April 2008): 907–8.

Ferretti, Guido, and Mario Costa. “Diversity in and Adaptation to Breath-Hold Diving in Humans.”
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology
136, no. 1 (September 2003): 205–13.

Golden, Frank, and Michael Tipton.
Essentials of Sea Survival.
Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics,
2002.

Koehle, Michael S., Michael Lepawsky, and Donald C. McKenzie. “Pulmonary Oedema of Immersion.”
Sports Medicine
35, no. 3 (2005): 183–90.

Levett, Denny Z., and Ian L. Millar. “Bubble Trouble: A Review of Diving Physiology and Disease.”
Postgraduate Medical Journal
84, no. 997 (November 2008): 571–78.

Lindholm, Peter, and Claes E. G. Lundgren. “The Physiology and Pathophysiology of Human Breath-Hold Diving.”
Journal of Applied Physiology
106, no. 1 (January 2009): 284–92.

Parkes, Michael J. “Breath-Holding and Its Breakpoint.”
Experimental Physiology
91, no. 1 (January 2006): 1–15.

Qvist, Jesper, et al. “Arterial Blood Gas Tensions During Breath-Hold Diving in the Korean Ama.”
Journal of Applied Physiology
75, no. 1 (July 1993): 285–93.

Rahn, Hermann. “Breath-Hold Diving: A Brief History.” Narragansett, RI: National Sea Grant Library, 2004, http://nsgl.gso.uri.edu/nysgi/nysgiw85001/nysgiw85001_part1.pdf.

Schagatay, Erika, et al. “Selected Contribution: Role of Spleen Emptying in Prolonging Apneas in Humans.”
Journal of Applied Physiology
90, no. 4 (May 2001): 1623–29; discussion, 1606.

ORBIT

Yi Soyeon literally rocketed to fame after her selection and flight as South Korea's first astronaut. I first noticed her at a space-medicine conference in Houston. Welded to her smartphone, displaying boundless enthusiasm, and constantly posting Twitter updates, she was never your average astronaut. She kindly agreed to let me interview her for this book and was good enough to check the story over afterward to make sure of the detail.

I have watched three shuttle launches. All of them make you hold your breath. It was a privilege to be there for the launch and landing of the last shuttle mission—STS 135—in July 2011. Among all of the potential insults that could be hurled at the human body, the energies involved in launch always made my focus, on the medical problems and the physiology, seem pretty irrelevant.

I'd also like to thank my friend Dan Tani. Dan, a former NASA astronaut who once was good enough to call me from the space station, has talked patiently with me and at length about the adventure of human spaceflight over the years.

Burrows, William E.
This New Ocean: The Story of the First Space Age
. New York: Random House, 1999.

Curtis, Howard D.
Orbital Mechanics for Engineering Students
. London: Elsevier, 2005. See especially pp. 257–73.

Houtchens, Bruce A. “Medical-Care Systems for Long-Duration Space Missions.”
Clinical Chemistry
39, 1 (January 1, 1993): 13–21.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
Report of the
Columbia
Accident Investigation Board.
Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, August 2003, www.nasa.gov/columbia/caib/html/start.html and http://history.nasa.gov/columbia/CAIB_reportindex.html.

Report of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident
(Rogers Commission). Washington, DC: June 6, 1986; repr. Collingdale, PA: Diane Pub. Co, 1995; http://history.nasa.gov/rogersrep/genindex.htm.

Roth, Emanuel M. “Rapid (Explosive) Decompression Emergencies in Pressure-Suited Subjects,” NASA Contractor Report 1223. Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, November 1968.

Summers, Richard L., et al. “Emergencies in Space.”
Annals of Emergency Medicine
46, no. 2 (August 2005): 177–84.

Wolfe, Tom.
The Right Stuff.
London: Jonathan Cape, 1979.

MARS

In 1997 we were definitely going to Mars. At least that's the way it looked to me. I remember that first visit to Houston very fondly. The hydroponics and regenerative life-support-system experiments were run by a scientist by the name of Doug Ming, who reminded me a little of Bruce Dern's character in the film
Silent Running
.

Astrophysics was attractive to me because it was about boundary-condition problems: observing the behavior of systems at the extremes. Mars is in many ways the boundary-condition mission for the human body.

I was the lucky recipient of a NESTA (National Endowment for Science, Technology and the Arts) Fellowship and later a Bogue Research Fellowship, which allowed me to continue my work with NASA. Professor Bill Paloski patiently facilitated my returns to Johnson Space Center and has served as both mentor and good friend over the years.

Human missions to Mars continue to sound like the stuff of science fiction. But we will go to Mars before this century is out. Of that I am sure. If the end of the twenty-first century is as different from its beginning as the end of the twentieth proved to be from its beginning, we'll manage that and much, much more.

Braun, Wernher von.
The Mars Project
. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1991.

———. “Crossing the Last Frontier.”
Collier's
, March 22, 1952, pp. 24–31.

Carmeliet, Geert, Guy Nys, and Roger Bouillon. “Microgravity Reduces the Differentiation of Human Osteoblastic MG-63 Cells.”
Journal of Bone and Mineral Research
12, no. 5 (May 1997): 786–94.

———, Laurence Vico, and Roger Bouillon. “Space Flight: A Challenge for Normal Bone Homeostasis.”
Critical Reviews in Eukaryotic Gene Expression
11, no. 1–3 (2001): 131–44.

Cassenti, Brice N. “Trajectory Options for Manned Mars Missions.”
Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets
42, no. 5 (September–October 2005): 890–95.


Crocco, Gaetano Arturo. “One-Year Exploration-Trip Earth–Mars–Venus–Earth.” Paper presented at the Seventh Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, Rome, Italy, 1956, pp. 227–52.

D'Aunno, Dominick S., et al. “Effect of Short- and Long-Duration Spaceflight on QTc Intervals in Healthy Astronauts.”
American Journal of Cardiology
91, no. 4 (February 2003): 494–97.

Davis, Jeffrey R., et al. “Space Motion Sickness During 24 Flights of the Space Shuttle.”
Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine
59, no. 12 (December 1988): 1185–89.

Drake, Bret G., ed. “Reference Mission Version 3.0 Addendum to the Human Exploration of Mars: The Reference Mission of the NASA Mars Exploration Study Team.” Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1998, document ID: NASA/SP-6107-ADD, http://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/humanexplore/exploration/exlibrary/docs/marsref/addendum/index.htm.

Fitts, Robert H., Danny R. Riley, and Jeffrey J. Widrick. “Functional and Structural Adaptations of Skeletal Muscle to Microgravity.”
Journal of Experimental Biology
204, no. 18 (September 2001): 3201–8.

Fogleman, Guy, Lauren Leveton, and John B. Charles. “The Bioastronautics Roadmap: A Risk Reduction Strategy for Human Exploration.” Paper presented at Continuing the Voyage of Discovery, the First Space Exploration Conference, Orlando, FL, January 30, 2005, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics document ID: AIAA-2005-2526.

Fritsch-Yelle, Janice M., et al. “An Episode of Ventricular Tachycardia During Long-Duration Spaceflight.”
American Journal of Cardiology
81, no. 11 (June 1998): 1391–92.

Graybiel, Ashton, Brant Clark, and J. J. Zarriello. “Observations on Human Subjects Living in a ‘Slow Rotation Room' for Periods of Two Days.”
Archives of Neurology
3 (1960): 55–73.

Harm, Deborah L., and Donald E. Parker. “Preflight Adaptation Training for Spatial Orientation and Space Motion Sickness.”
Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
34, no. 6 (June 1994): 618–27.

Hohmann, Walter.
The Attainability of Heavenly Bodies
(translation of
Die Erreichbarkeit der Himmelskörper,
1925). Washington, DC: NASA Technical Translation F-44, November 1, 1960.

Holstein, Gay R., Ewa Kukielka, and Giorgio P. Martinelli. “Anatomical Observations of the Rat Cerebellar Nodulus After 24 hr of Spaceflight.”
Journal of Gravitational Physiology
6, no. 1 (July 1999): 47–50.

Joosten, B. Kent. “Preliminary Assessment of Artificial Gravity Impacts to Deep-Space Vehicle Design.” Houston: NASA Johnson Space Center, 2007, NASA Document ID: 20070023306.

Lackner, James R. “Spatial Orientation in Weightless Environments.”
Perception
21 (1992), no. 6: 803–12.

LeBlanc, Adrian D., et al. “Alendronate as an Effective Countermeasure to Disuse Induced Bone Loss.”
Journal of Musculoskeletal and Neuronal Interactions
2, no. 4 (June 2002): 335–43.

———, et al. “Bone Mineral and Lean Tissue Loss After Long Duration Space Flight.”
Journal of Musculoskeletal and Neuronal Interactions
1, no. 2 (December 2000): 157–60.

Macho, Ladislav, et al. “Effects of Exposure to Space Flight on Endocrine Regulations in Experimental Animals.”
Endocrine Regulations
35, no. 2 (June 2001): 101–14.

Oberth, Hermann. “Die Rakete zu den Planetenräume” [The Rocket to Planetary Space], in
Wege zur Raumschiffahrt
[
Ways to Spaceflight
], xi, 423. München: Oldenbourg, 1929.

Office of Manned Space Flight, Planetary Joint Action Group.
Planetary Exploration Utilizing a Manned Flight System,
p. 16. Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, October 3, 1966.

Paloski, William H., et al. “Effects of Artificial Gravity and Bed Rest on Spatial Orientation and Balance Control.” Houston: NASA Johnson Space Center, 2007, NASA Technical Reports Server, document ID: 2007 0011623.

Paloski, William H., and Laurence R. Young.
Proceedings and Recommendations
, Artificial Gravity Workshop, League City, TX. Houston: NASA Johnson Space Center and National Space Biomedical Research Institute, 1999.

———. “Artificial Gravity as a Multi-System Countermeasure to Bed Rest Deconditioning: Pilot Study Overview.” Paper presented at the Twenty-eighth Annual International Gravitational Physiology Meeting, April 8–13, 2007, San Antonio, TX, NASA Technical Reports Server, no digital version available, abstract and ordering information at http://nix.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20070016631&qs=N%3D4294950110%2B4294961628%2B4294930154.

Parker, Donald E., et al. “Otolith Tilt-Translation Reinterpretation Following Prolonged Weightlessness: Implications for Preflight Training.”
Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine
56, no. 6 (June 1985): 601–6.

Portree, David S. F.
Humans to Mars: Fifty Years of Mission Planning, 1950–2000,
NASA Monographs in Aerospace History, no. 21. Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA History Division, Office of Policy and Plans, February 2001, document ID: NASA SP-2001-4521. (Excellent overview of American plans for sending men to Mars.)

Reschke, Millard F., et al. “Smooth Pursuit Deficits in Space Flights of Variable Length.”
Journal of Gravitational Physiology
9, no. 1 (July 2002): 133–36.

Shi, Shang-Jin, Donna A. South, and Janice V. Meck. “Fludrocortisone Does Not Prevent Orthostatic Hypotension in Astronauts After Spaceflight.”
Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine
75, no. 3 (March 2004): 235–39.

Solder, J.K. “Round Trip Mars Trajectories: New Variations on Classic Mission Profiles.” American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, August 1990, document ID: 90–3794.

Sonnenfeld, Gerald, and William T. Shearer. “Immune Function During Space Flight.”
Nutrition
18, no. 10 (October 2002): 899–903.

Space Exploration Initiative, SEI Synthesis Group.
America at the Threshold: America's Space Exploration Initiative.
Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, May 1991.

Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin Eduardovich. “Exploration of Global Space with Jets,” in
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vol. 2, pp. 100–139. Moscow: Nauka, 1953.

Turner, Russell T. “What Do We Know About the Effects of Space Flight on Bone?”
Journal of Applied Physiology
89, no. 2 (August 2000): 870–47.

Vico, Laurence, et al. “Effects of Long-Term Microgravity Exposure on Cancellous and Cortical Weight-Bearing Bones of Cosmonauts.”
Lancet
355, no. 9215 (May 2000): 1607–11.

Walberg, Gerald. “How Shall We Go to Mars?”
Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets
30, no. 2 (March–April 1993): 129–39.

Waters, Wendy W., Michael G. Ziegler, and Janice V. Meck. “Postspaceflight Orthostatic Hypotension Occurs Mostly in Women and Is Predicted by Low Vascular Resistance.”
Journal of Applied Physiology
92, no. 2 (February 2002): 586–94.

Zubrin, Robert, David A. Baker, and Owen Gwynne. “Mars Direct: A Simple, Robust, and Cost Effective Architecture for the Space Exploration Initiative.” Paper presented at American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics 29th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno, NV, January 7–10, 1991, p. 28, document ID: AIAA P.91-0328.