Falling Into the Fire: A Psychiatrist's Encounters with the Mind in Crisis (26 page)

BOOK: Falling Into the Fire: A Psychiatrist's Encounters with the Mind in Crisis
9.17Mb size Format: txt, pdf, ePub

One day as we are walking down the path, our daughter, newly in kindergarten, turns and asks me to carry her. She is exhausted, and she is sweet, and I love that she still has these moments when closeness is her only desire. I lift her to me with a mock groan, to which she says, “Don’t say I’m too heavy, Mama. I never want to be too heavy for you to carry me.”

“Someday you will be,” I say. “When you are as big as me, you will be too heavy for me to lift! Maybe then you will lift
me.
” She laughs at this unimaginable thought, then quiets.

“How old will you be then, Mama?” she asks.

“When you are as big as I am?”

“When I am as old as you are now.” I do some quick math in my head.

“When you are thirty-eight years old, I’ll be seventy,” I say.

She takes this in. She lays her head on my shoulder. “Do you think you will live to be a hundred, Mama?” she asks me.

“I hope so,” I say, and squeeze her little body against me. It is the first time I am aware that she understands, if only a little, that I will someday die.

“I hope you live to a hundred and three,” she says. She cannot see the tears welling up in my eyes. Through them the rolling bay ahead of us is foggy and shifting, even less well defined.

How do we do it? How do we bear the unbearable realities of our human lives? Someday I will die and leave Deborah, and our son, and our daughter. Or someday each of them will die and leave me. How do we reckon with this inconceivable a loss? With this cruel—and fundamental—truth? Perhaps we lift our feet off the ocean floor; we paddle frantically away from what we fear. Perhaps, for some of us, our very bodies revolt against what pains us. Our limbs convulse; our muscles suddenly weaken and fail.

I scan the beach. By what dumb luck do my lovely son and daughter have sound brains, good food, warm clothes, feather collections, wooden train tracks, two mothers who have loved them fiercely every second of their lives? Thus far we have been able to protect them from the deep and enduring traumas that scar the minds and selves of so many of the patients I see. How—
how
—can I make it always be so?

My children are off at a run, racing each other to some fast-chosen landmark. My daughter’s arms flail alongside her; my son’s little legs swing in determined, bowlegged arcs. She leads confidently, looking over her shoulder to giggle and gloat, until she snags her foot on a driftwood branch and falls to the sand. She cannot decide whether she must cry. Her brother catches up, considers running on to the invisible finish line, then reconsiders and flops on top of her. They dissolve in laughter, roll so close to the water’s edge that a wave nearly drenches them. They shriek, roll away from it, convulse with laughter, shriek some more. The sun is so bright on them it whites out the edges of their bodies. The sea retreats. My children roll out of the waves’ reach. They roll onto their backs and pant, both looking up to the sky. Overhead, a lone gull flies above them, soaring, wings outstretched.

(
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
)

The Brown University Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior—and in particular my departmental chairperson, Dr. Steve Rasmussen, and the directors of my residency training program, Drs. Bob Boland and Jane Eisen—consistently helped me find ways to carve out time to devote to my writing. Dr. Louis Marino guided me toward a professional schedule that made room for both writing and practicing psychiatry. I am exceptionally appreciative of such a supportive clinical home.

The MacColl Johnson Fellowship of the Rhode Island Foundation and the Eugene & Marilyn Glick Indiana Authors Award provided generous financial support to me as a writer. Bethlem Royal Hospital was kind to give me access to their voluminous archives.

Kris Dahl has been my advocate and adviser for almost a decade now. She is not only a wonderful agent but also my friend. I’m very grateful that she connected me with the good, smart people at The Penguin Press. Janie Fleming was enthusiastic about this book as my first imaginings of it began to form. Since that time the book has benefited by focused attention from Ann Godoff, Bruce Giffords, Scott Moyers, Maureen Sugden, and especially my editor, Lindsay Whalen. Lindsay asked all the right questions of the manuscript as I was writing it, and—as a good psychotherapist would—she didn’t let me off the hook until she was sure I had found the core of what I wanted to convey.

Many of my colleagues enhanced my understanding of the illnesses and experiences I’ve written about in
Falling Into the Fire.
Ann Back Price and
Drs. Colin Harrington, Martin Furman, Diana Lidofsky, Katharine Phillips, and Patricia Recupero are foremost among them, as is my friend and role model Dr. Audrey Tyrka, who supervised my work with Anna and emboldened me to consider the case as one of anxiety rather than psychosis.

Conversations with Drs. Carey Charles and Francis Pescosolido deepened my understanding of happiness and human vulnerability in immeasurably important ways. Dr. Lawrence Price has been for me a mentor of the best sort: brilliant, encouraging, scrupulous, and irreverent. He read this manuscript through a meticulous and insightful lens. The fact that he is a member of the Michigan Wolverine faithful is icing on the cake.

I am fortunate to have good writers and good thinkers as friends, including Dr. Jay Baruch, Peter Castaldi Sr., Dr. Paul Christopher, Dr. Kathryn Fleming-Ives, Kathleen Hughes, Lizzie Hutton, Kate Lorch, Alex Ralph, Leslie Smith, Maryll Toufanian, and Dr. Alexander Westphal. Our conversations and their wisdom helped shape these pages. My poor friend Sheri Hook deserves particular mention, as she somehow always ends up reading the most outrageous and disturbing things I unearth in my research forays. I also appreciate Sarah Blaffer Hrdy’s generous willingness to correspond with a stranger.

No book takes shape without essential pragmatic support. Elliot Fleming at the Brown Bookstore salvaged lost drafts and data that I had neglected to back up. Peter Shukat chased down elusive lyrics permissions so that I might have the very epigraph I wanted. And I am truly indebted to Maria Cervantes, whose kind attention to and care of my children is a gift beyond measure.

Dr. Curt LaFrance Jr. deserves special acknowledgment for sharing with me his thoughts about abiding with patients. My conversations with him transformed the trajectories both of this book and of my own psychiatric practice.

Being married to another writer is wonderful. Being married to another writer whose strengths compensate for your deficiencies is miraculous. From this book’s first thoughts to its final line edits, it benefited from Deborah’s unwavering and rigorous gaze. Indeed, it is not a stretch to say that inasmuch as the book succeeds in having a fluid and organic structure, it is a result of the many hours she spent arranging and rearranging my written lines, paragraphs, and pages to render my thoughts more lucid and my ideas more compelling and clear. Her steadfast devotion to me as a writer, as a parent, and as a partner is the single greatest treasure of my life.

Finally, I owe sincere thanks to my patients whose struggles inspired these narratives.

(
BIBLIOGRAPHY
)

Andrews, Jonathan, and Andrew Scull.
Customers and Patrons of the Mad-Trade: The Management of Lunacy in Eighteenth-Century London.
Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003.

Appignanesi, Lisa.
Mad, Bad and Sad: Women and the Mind Doctors.
New York: W. W. Norton, 2008.

Arnedo, Vanessa, Kimberly Parker-Menzer, and Orrin Devinsky. “Forced Spousal Intercourse After Seizures.”
Epilepsy & Behavior
16 (2009): 563–64.

Associated Press/
Huffington Post
. “Lashanda Armstrong, Distraught Mother, Drove Van Full of Children into Hudson River.”
Huffington Post,
Apr. 14, 2011. www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/04/14/lashanda-armstrong-
.
distra_n_849141.html.

Bar-El, Yair, et al. “Jerusalem Syndrome.”
British Journal of Psychiatry
176 (2000): 86–90.

Barnes, Rachel. “The Bizarre Request for Amputation.”
International Journal of Lower Extremity Wounds
10 (2011): 186–89. PubMed,
May 1, 2012.

Bartholomew, Robert E.
Little Green Men, Meowing Nuns and Head-Hunting Panics: A Study of Mass Psychogenic Illness and Social Delusion.
Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2001.

Bayne, Tim, and Neil Levy. “Amputees by Choice: Body Integrity Identity Disorder and the Ethics of Amputation.”
Journal of Applied Philosophy
22, no. 1 (2005): 75–86.

Blom, Rianne M., Raoul C. Hennekam, and Damiaan Denys. “Body Integrity Identity Disorder.”
PLoS ONE
7, no. 4 (2012). www.plosone.org
,
May 1, 2012.

Bradshaw, Sarah. “Court, Cop Records Show Family Stress Grew Before Mom Killed Self, 3 Kids in Fatal Plunge.”
Poughkeepsie Journal
, Apr. 16, 2011. www.poughkeepsiejournal.com/article/20110416/NEWS01/106270007.

Brozan, Nadine. “Lining Up for Hugs from a Guru of Touch.”
New York Times,
July 8, 1998.

Camporesi, Piero.
The Incorruptible Flesh: Bodily Mutation and Mortification in Religion and Folklore.
Translated by Tania Croft-Murray
.
Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1988.

Cappello, Mary.
Swallow: Foreign Bodies, Their Ingestion, Inspiration, and the Curious Doctor Who Extracted Them.
New York: New Press, 2011.

Carr, Marina.
By the Bog of Cats
. New York: Dramatists Play Service, 2002.

Christopher, Paul. “Safekeeping.”
Brown Medicine,
Winter 2008, 38–44.

Ciotti, Paul. “Why Did He Cut Off That Man’s Leg?”
Los Angeles Weekly,
Dec. 15, 1999.

Cojan, Y., et al. “Motor Inhibition in Hysterical Conversion Paralysis.”
NeuroImage
47, no. 3 (2009): 1026–37.

Cotterill, John A. “Body Dysmorphic Disorder.”
Dermatologic Clinics
14, no. 3 (1996): 457–63.

Dembosky, April. “Tour of Embraces Makes a Stop in Manhattan.”
New York Times,
July 10, 2008.

Devinsky, Orrin, and George Lai. “Spirituality and Religion in Epilepsy.”
Epilepsy & Behavior
12 (2008): 636–43.

Devinsky, Orrin, Deanna Gazzola, and W. Curt LaFrance Jr. “Differentiating Between Nonepileptic and Epileptic Seizures.”
Nature Reviews Neurology
7, no. 4 (2011): 210–20.

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV-TR.
4th ed. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association, 2000.

Dillard, Annie.
For the Time Being.
New York: Knopf, 1999.

Dominus, Susan. “What Happened to the Girls in Le Roy.”
New York Times Magazine,
Mar. 11, 2012, 28–35, 46, 55.

Dotinga, Randy. “Out on a Limb.” Salon.com, Aug. 29, 2012. www.salon.com/2000/08/29/amputation.

Drury, M. O’C., and David Berman.
The Danger of Words: And Writings on Wittgenstein.
Bristol, UK: Thoemmes Press, 1996.

Elliott, Carl. “A New Way to Be Mad.”
Atlantic Monthly,
Dec. 2000, 72–84.

Favazza, Armando R.
Bodies Under Siege: Self-Mutilation and Body Modification in Culture and Psychiatry.
2nd ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.

———. “Treatment of Patients with Self-Injurious Behavior.”
American Journal of Psychiatry
147, no. 7 (1990): 954–55.

Favazza, Armando R., and Karen Conterio. “The Plight of Chronic Self-Mutilators.”
Community Mental Health Journal
24, no. 1 (1988): 22–30.

———. “Suicide Gestures and Self-Mutilation.”
American Journal of Psychiatry
146, no. 3 (1989): 408–9.

Favazza, Armando R., and Richard J. Rosenthal. “Diagnostic Issues in Self-Mutilation.”
Hospital and Community Psychiatry
44, no. 2 (1993): 134–40.

Feinberg, Todd E., et al. “The Neuroanatomy of Asomatognosia and Somatoparaphrenia.”
Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
81 (2010): 276–81.

Fink, Max, and Michael Alan Taylor.
Catatonia: A Clinician’s Guide to Diagnosis and Treatment.
Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2003.

Fitzgerald, Jim. “NY Mom Who Killed 3 Kids in Hudson Is Laid to Rest.” Oct. 1, 2012. abclocal.go.com/wpvi/story?section=news/national_world&id=8086002.

Ford, Charles V.
The Somatizing Disorders: Illness as a Way of Life.
New York: Elsevier Biomedical, 1983.

Freud, Sigmund, James Strachey, and Angela Richards.
On Psychopathology: Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety, and Other Works.
Harmondsworth, Middlesex, UK: Penguin, 1979.

Fried, Ralph I. “The Stendhal Syndrome: Hyperkulturemia.”
Ohio Medicine
84, no. 7 (1988): 519–20.

Friedman, Susan H., and Phillip J. Resnick. “Mothers Thinking of Murder: Considerations for Prevention.”
Psychiatric Times
23, no. 10 (2006): 9.

Friedman, Susan H., et al. “Psychiatrists’ Knowledge About Maternal Filicidal Thoughts.”
Comprehensive Psychiatry
49 (2008): 106–10.

Gabbard, Glen O.
Psychodynamic Psychiatry in Clinical Practice.
4th ed. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Publishing, 2005.

Gilman, Sander L.
Seeing the Insane.
New York: Wiley, 1982.

Giummarra, Melita J., John L. Bradshaw, Michael E. R. Nicholls, Leonie M. Hilti, and Peter Brugger. “Body Integrity Identity Disorder: Deranged Body Processing, Right Fronto-Parietal Dysfunction, and Phenomenological Experience of Body Incongruity.”
Neuropsychology Review
21 (2011): 320–33. PubMed, May 1, 2012.

Goode, Erica. “Suburb’s Veneer Cracks: Mother Is Held in Deaths.”
New York Times,
Mar. 2, 2011.

Gutheil, Thomas G. “A Confusion of Tongues: Competence, Insanity, Psychiatry, and the Law.”
Psychiatric Services
50 (1999): 767–73.

Guy, Melinda. “The Shock of the Old.”
Frieze,
Nov. 20, 2009. www.frieze.com/issue/print_article/the_shock_of_the_old.

Haberman, Clyde. “Florence’s Art Makes Some Go to Pieces.”
New York Times,
May 15, 1989.

Hacking, Ian.
Mad Travelers: Reflections on the Reality of Transient Mental Illnesses.
Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1998.

Haines, Janet, et al. “The Psychophysiology of Self-Mutilation.”
Journal of Abnormal Psychology
104, no. 3 (1995): 471–89.

Halim, Nadia. “Mad Tourists: The ‘Vectors’ and Meanings of City-Syndromes.” In
Configuring Madness: Representation, Context and Meaning,
edited by Kimberley White, 93–108
.
Freeland, Oxfordshire, UK: Inter-Disciplinary, 2009.

Harlow, Harry F. “The Nature of Love.”
American Psychologist
13 (1958): 573–685.

Harlow, Harry F., and Margaret K. Harlow. “Psychopathology in Monkeys.” In
Experimental Psychopathology: Recent Research and Theory,
edited by H. D. Kimmel, 203–29. New York: Academic Press, 1971.

Harlow, Harry F., and Stephen J. Suomi. “Social Recovery by Isolation-Reared Monkeys.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
68, no. 7 (1971): 1534–38.

Harlow, Harry F., Robert O. Dodsworth, and Margaret K. Harlow. “Total Social Isolation in Monkeys.”
Psychology
54 (1965): 90–97.

Hatters-Friedman, Susan, and Phillip J. Resnick. “Child Murder by Mothers: Patterns and Prevention.”
World Psychiatry
6 (2007): 137–41.

———. “Neonaticide: Phenomenology and Considerations for Prevention.”
International Journal of Law and Psychiatry
32 (2009): 43–47.

———. “Parents Who Kill: Why They Do It.”
Psychiatric Times,
May 2009, 3.

Hatters-Friedman, Susan, Sarah McCue Horwitz, and Phillip J. Resnick. “Child Murder by Mothers: A Critical Analysis of the Current State of Knowledge and a Research Agenda.”
American Journal of Psychiatry
162, no. 9 (2005): 1578–87.

Hatters-Friedman, Susan, Phillip Resnick, and Miriam Rosenthal. “Postpartum Psychosis: Strategies to Protect Infant and Mother from Harm.”
Current Psychiatry
8, no. 2 (2009): 40–45.

Hatters-Friedman, Susan, et al. “Child Murder Committed by Severely Mentally Ill Mothers: An Examination of Mothers Found Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity.”
Journal of Forensic Science
50, no. 6 (2005): 1466–71.

Hawton, Keith, et al. “Deliberate Self Harm: Systematic Review of Efficacy of Psychosocial and Pharmacological Treatments in Preventing Repetition.”
British Medical Journal
317 (1998): 441–47.

Hecker, Justus Friedrich Carl.
The Black Death and the Dancing Mania of the Middle Ages.
New York: Humboldt, 1889.

Hecker, Justus Friedrich Carl, and Benjamin Guy Babington.
The Epidemics of the Middle Ages.
Translated by B. G. Babington, et al. The Digital Collections: Cornell University Library.

Hrdy, Sarah Blaffer.
Mother Nature: Maternal Instincts and How They Shape the Human Species.
New York: Ballantine, 2000.

Ilechukwu, Sunny T. C. “Letter from S.T.C. Ilechukwu, M.D., Which Describes Interesting Koro-Like Syndromes in Nigeria.”
Transcultural Psychiatric Research Review
25 (1988): 310–13.

———. “Magical Penis Loss in Nigeria: Report of a Recent Epidemic of a Koro-Like Syndrome.”
Transcultural Psychiatric Research Review
29 (1992): 91–108.

Jamison, Kay R.
Night Falls Fast: Understanding Suicide.
New York: Knopf, 1999.

———.
An Unquiet Mind.
New York: Vintage, 1996.

Jay, Mike.
The Air Loom Gang: The Strange and True Story of James Tilly Matthews and His Visionary Madness.
New York: Four Walls Eight Windows, 2004.

Jean, F. Russell. “Dancing Mania.”
Festschrift for Kenneth Fitzpatrick Russell: Proceedings of a Symposium Arranged by the Section of Medical History,
A.M.A.
1 (1977): 161–96.

Johnson, Eric Michael. “A Primatologist Discovers the Social Factors Responsible for Maternal Infanticide.” Scientific American Blog Network, July 29, 2011. blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/2010/11/22/a-primatologist-discovers-the-social-factors-responsible-for-maternal-infanticide.

Kalogjera-Sackellares, Dalma.
Psychodynamics and Psychotherapy of Pseudoseizures.
Carmarthen, Wales: Crown House, 2004.

Karp, Joyce Gerdis, Laura Whitman, and Antonio Convit. “Ingestion of Sharp Foreign Objects.”
American Journal of Psychiatry
148, no. 2 (1991): 271–72.

Kenyon, Jane.
Otherwise: New and Selected Poems
. St. Paul, MN: Graywolf Press, 1996.

Khan, Abdus Samad, and Usman Ali. “Ingestion of Metallic Rods and Needles.”
Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan
16, no. 4 (2006): 305–6.

Kleeman, Jenny. “Amma, the Hugging Saint.”
Guardian,
Oct. 24, 2012. www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/oct/24/religion-india/print.

Kreiser, B. Robert. “Religious Enthusiasm in Early Eighteenth-Century Paris: The Convulsionaries of Saint-Médard.”
Catholic Historical Review
61, no. 3 (1975): 353–85.

LaFrance W. Curt, Jr., and Orrin Devinsky. “The Treatment of Nonepileptic Seizures: Historical Perspectives and Future Directions.”
Epilepsia
45 (2004): 15–21.

LaFrance W. Curt, Jr., et al. “Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures.”
Epilepsy & Behavior
14 (2009): 591–96.

McKee, Geoffrey R.
Why Mothers Kill: A Forensic Psychologist’s Casebook.
Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2006.

Maines, Rachel.
The Technology of Orgasm: “Hysteria,” the Vibrator, and Women’s Sexual Satisfaction.
Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998.

Marantz Henig, Robin. “At War with Their Bodies, They Seek to Sever Limbs.”
New York Times,
Mar. 22, 2005.

Marx, Patricia. “The Stendhal Odyssey; Art Attack.”
New York Times,
Aug. 20, 2000.

Masala, John. “Personality Disorder, Self-Mutilation, and Criminal Behavior.”
Primary Care Companion Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
11, no. 3 (2009): 123–25.

Masia, Shawn L., and Orrin Devinsky. “Epilepsy and Behavior: A Brief History.”
Epilepsy & Behavior
1 (2000): 27–36.

Menand, Louis. “Head Case: Can Psychiatry Be a Science?”
New Yorker,
Mar. 1, 2010.

Meyer, Cheryl L., Michelle Oberman, and Kelly White.
Mothers Who Kill Their Children: Understanding the Acts of Moms from Susan Smith to the “Prom Mom.”
New York: New York University Press, 2001.

Morselli, Enrico. “Dysmorphophobia and Taphephobia: Two Hitherto Undescribed Forms of Insanity with Fixed Ideas.”
History of Psychiatry
12 (2001): 107–14.

Nicholson, Timothy Richard Joseph, Carmine Pariante, and Declan McLoughlin. “Stendhal Syndrome: A Case of Cultural Overload.”
BMJ Case Reports
(2009). caserports.bmj.com/content/2009/bcr.06.2008.0317.abstract.

Nock, Matthew K. “New Insights into the Nature and Functions of Self-Injury.”
Current Directions in Psychological Science
18, no. 2 (2009): 78–83.

Other books

Altar Ego by Lette, Kathy
Shadows by Amber Lacie
The Alleluia Files by Sharon Shinn
Blood Kin by Judith E. French
Mystic Embrace by Charlotte Blackwell