France and the Nazi Threat: The Collapse of French Diplomacy 1932-1939 (102 page)

136
.
    
MAE, T. 525–527, Naggiar, 21 June 1939.

137
.
    
MAE, T. 528–533, 21 June; T. 543–547, 22 June 1939.

138
.
    
MAE, Bonnet to Corbin, 22 June; T. 1246–1253, Instructions from Bonnet to Corbin, 23 June, etc.

139
.
    
MAE, T. 1260–1261, Bonnet to Corbin, 24 June; ibid., T. 252–259, to Naggiar, 24 June; ibid., T. 268–277, to Naggiar, 24 June; ibid., T. 279–281, Naggiar, 24 June.

140
.
    
MAE, T. 1301–1307, Bonnet to Corbin; T. 299–302, Bonnet to Naggiar, 29 June 1939.

141
.
    
MAE, T. 331–332, Bonnet to Naggiar.

142
.
    
MAE, T. 340–344, Bonnet to Naggiar, 5 July.

143
.
    
MAE, T. 2110, Corbin, 6 July 1939.

144
.
    
MAE, T. 642–644, Naggiar, 7 July 1939.

145
.
    
MAE, T. 648–654, Naggiar, 8 July 1939.

146
.
    
Ibid.

147
.
    
MAE, T. 410–413, Bonnet to Naggiar, 9 July 1939. See the pessimistic confidences made by Bonnet to Monzie,
Ci-devant
, op. cit., 8 July 1939, p. 126.

148
.
    
MAE, T. 1346–1440, Bonnet to Corbin, 10 July 1939.

149
.
    
Also T. 655–663, Naggiar, 10 July 1939.

150
.
    
MAE, Message from G. Bonnet to Lord Halifax, 19 July 1939.

151
.
    
MAE, T. 511–514, Bonnet to Naggiar, 26 July 1939.

152
.
    
MAE, T. 1556, Bonnet to Corbin, 24 July 1932.

153
.
    
SHA, D. 1522/DN3, Gamelin to Doumenc, 27 July 1939. The program had been approved by Daladier on 24 July.

154
.
    
MAE, Note from the deputy directorate for Europe 3 August 1939. These instructions were published in DBFP, 3, VI, pp. 762–789. See also T. 571, Bonnet to Naggiar, 12 August 1939.

155
.
    
Beaufre,
Le drame de 1940
, p. 124. Adamthwaite, op. cit. p. 3336, is critical of an interpretation by *Aster, Sydney,
The Coming of the Second World War
, 1975, p. 296, who views this text as giving “full powers” to Doumenc. Adamthwaite is entirely correct. The French expression “à tout prix” doesn’t exactly mean “at all costs” as Aster believes, but is very general. Spare no effort in order to… We do have tangible proof that Doumenc did not have full powers but at the most of those of the ambassador; see MAE, T. 821-822, Naggiar, 3 August 1939.

156
.
    
On 4 July, General Didelet could find no clue regarding a coming offensive, MAE, D. 565, Coulondre, 4 July 1939.

157
.
    
MAE, D. 602, Coulondre, 13 July 1939.

158
.
    
MAE, D. 638, Tarbé de Saint-Hardouin, 25 July 1939. This observation is corroborated by the
Deuxième Bureau
. See Gauché, General, op. cit., p. 99.

159
.
    
MAE, T. 1583–1585, Bonnet to Corbin, 28 July 1939.

160
.
    
MAE, T. 2063, 1 August 1939.

161
.
    
MAE, T. 2064, 1 August 1939. See Coulondre, op. cit., p. 275. Coulondre, was away on vacation since mid-July, returned to Berlin on 12 August and found “a much more tense situation.”

162
.
    
DDF
, 2, XII, no. 164, Coulondre, 18 October 1938.

163
.
    
DDF
, 2, XII, no. 183 (excerpt from SHA), 20 October 1938.

164
.
    
MAE, T. 34–37, Payart, 27 January.

165
.
    
MAE, T. 134, 22 February 1939.

166
.
    
MAE, T. 1070–1073, 22 April 1939.

167
.
    
MAE, T. 1203, 4 May, and T. 1207, 4 May 1939.

168
.
    
MAE, D. 392, 7 May. See also Coulondre, op. cit., pp. 270–271; Stehlin, op. cit., p. 147 sq., pp. 375–379.

169
.
    
Stehlin, op. cit., p. 151–152. *Bonnet, Georges,
Dans la tourmente
, 1971, pp. 134–135.

170
.
    
MAE, T. 351–356, Payart, 10 May 1939.

171
.
    
MAE, Note from the Minister, 26 May 1939.

172
.
    
MAE, weekly liaison, 24 May 1939.

173
.
    
ADAP, D. VI, no. 414 and 424. See also MAE, T. 1054, Monicault, chargé d’affaires in Ankara; MAE, T. 27, Garreau, consul general in Hamburg, 4 July 1939.

174
.
    
MAE, T. 1865–1866, 8 July 1939.

175
.
    
MAE, T. 699–703, 16 July 1939. See his T. 741, 22 July, on economic talks.

176
.
    
MAE, D. 165, 22 July 1939.

177
.
    
SHA, 599/5, 13 July 1939.

178
.
    
SHM. Report on the mission to Moscow by Captain Willaume, August 1939 (the operative date appears to be the beginning of September), p. 3, and Beaufre, op. cit., p. 128. See British account in
DBFP
, 3, VII, appendix II, pp. 558–614.

179
.
    
Beaufre, op. cit., p. 138.

180
.
    
See also Note EMA, transcript of the third meeting (13 August evening).

181
.
    
Detailed account in Beaufre, op. cit., pp. 140–145. See also SHM, Report Willaume.

182
.
    
We are using in what follows besides the general account by Léon Noël also the description by Beaufre, op. cit. pp. 155–165, and a long report by General Musse, SHA, 163, 24 August 1939. General Beaufre advances the possibility that the telegrams sent by Musse every day from Warsaw could have been decrypted by the Soviets, op. cit., pp. 161–162. There is actually no proof.

183
.
    
As confirmed by a new meeting between Musse and Stachiewicz on 20 August, see the quoted report.

184
.
    
On this subject see in particular, *Puaux, Gabriel,
Deux années au Levant. Souvenirs de Syrie et du Liban 1939–1940
, 1952; *Massigli, René,
La Turquie devant la guerre, I. Mission à Ankara, 1939-1940
, Paris, 1964; the dissertation by *Lipschits, Isaac,
La politique de la France au Levant 1939-1941
; the book by *Longrigg, S.H.,
Syria and Lebanon under French mandate
, London, 1958.

185
.
    
See Longrigg, p. 238.

186
.
    
He was to die on 10 November 1938 and was replaced by Ismet.

187
.
    
DDF
, 2, XII, p. 429, note, and no. 251, Ponsot, Ankara, 2 November 1938.

188
.
    
Ratification agreements regarding the treaty of 22 December 1936 were passed on 14 November with Syrian Minister Djemil Mardam Bey, accompanied with additional clauses (DDF, 2, XII, no. 302). But the foreign affairs commissions of the Chamber and the Senate rejected them which created tension in Syria. See DDF, 2, XII, no. 328, a very favorable note from the deputy directorate of Africa-Levant.

189
.
    
Already regarding the agreement of 4 July 1939, Lagarde, the deputy director of Africa-Levant, did not hesitate to write: “We have not hesitated to sacrifice our moral obligations toward our protégés”; DDF, 2, XII, no. 358, 22 November 1938.

190
.
    
DDF
, 2, XII, no. 320, Ponsot, 16 November 1938.

191
.
    
MAE, T. 17–20, Massigli, 11 January; T. 61–67, 21 January; T. 88, 24 January 1939.

192
.
    
MAE, Note from Massigli, Paris, 6 February 1939.

193
.
    
MAE, T. 149–152, Beirut, 8 February 1939. On the rather polite conflict between Massigli and Puaux, see Massigli, op. cit. p. 54, 102–108. They were to meet in Tripoli on 8 March and Massigli managed to get Puaux to partially accept his views. Puaux, op. cit. pp. 53, 147, etc.

194
.
    
MAE, T. 88–90, Bonnet to Massigli, 18 February 1939.

195
.
    
MAE, T. 146–153, Massigli, 20 February 1939. See also T. 167–171, 23 February 1939.

196
.
    
MAE, T. 222 sq., Bonnet to Massigli; T. 300–302, Massigli to Bonnet, 23 March 1939. See Massigli, op. cit., p. 110–117.

197
.
    
Lipschits, op. cit., pp. 42–45. See MAE, T. 372–377, Puaux, Beirut, 30 March 1939.

198
.
    
MAE, T. 228–230 to Beirut; T. 279–281 to Ankara, Bonnet, 4 April 1932.

199
.
    
MAE, T. 337, Bonnet to Ankara, Rome, Londres, etc., 12 April 1939.

200
.
    
MAE, T. 354–357, Bonnet, 14 April 1939.

201
.
    
MAE, T. 406–407, Massigli, 14 April 1939.

202
.
    
MAE, D. 38, Massigli, 21 April 1939.

203
.
    
MAE, T. 418–421, Bonnet to Massigli, 27 April 1939.

204
.
    
MAE, T. 512–513, Massigli, 28 April 1939.

205
.
    
MAE, T. 535–539, Massigli, 2 May 1939.

206
.
    
MAE, T. 459–470, Bonnet to Massigli, 5 May 1939.

207
.
    
MAE, weekly liaison, 20 April 1939.

208
.
    
Weygand,
Mirages et réalités
, p. 484.

209
.
    
SHA, Report by General Weygand, May 1939. Weygand then traveled to Romania and also wrote a report.

210
.
    
Weygand, op. cit., p. 492.

211
.
    
MAE, T. 628–629, and 830–832, 12 May 1939.

212
.
    
MAE, T. 633–638, 12 May, and 633–638, 12 May 1939.

213
.
    
MAE, D. 129, 19 May 1939.

214
.
    
MAE, T. 1038, Massigli, 24 June 1939.

215
.
    
MAE, T. 1118–1120, Massigli, 17 July 1939.

Chapter XIV

F
INAL
P
REPARATIONS

    
1
.
    
Sauvy (Alfred), “L’évolution économique,”
Edouard Daladier
, op. cit., p. 88.

    
2
.
    
JODP, Chamber, 12 April 1938. Quoted by *Du Réau, Élisabeth, “L’aménagement de la loi instituant la semaine de quarante hueres,”
Edouard Daladier
, op. cit., p. 133. In what follows I used that excellent article. Mrs. Du Réau is preparing an important dissertation under my supervision on “Daladier et la sécurité de la France.”

    
3
.
    
Du Réau, É., ibid., p. 137.

    
4
.
    
See Bonnefous, op. cit., Vol. VI, p. 352. Regarding the “inaction” of Marchandeau, see the harsh letter written to him by Jacques Rueff, on 17 October; Rueff, op. cit., p. 157.

    
5
.
    
Rueff, J. op. cit., p. 159. See letter from Marchandeau to Édouard Bonnefous, in Bonnefous Vol. VI, pp. 420–423. The answer from Paul Reynaud, ibid., p. 424; Monzie,
Ci-devant
, pp. 50–52;
Carnets secrets de Jean Zay
, p. 29; *Sauvy, Alfred
De Paul Reynaud à Charles de Gaulle
, 1972, p. 70.

    
6
.
    
Sauvy,
De Paul Reynaud
…, op. cit.

    
7
.
    
Du Réau (E.), T. quoted., p. 141.

    
8
.
    
Carnets secrets de Jean Zay
, pp. 31–33.

    
9
.
    
Ci-devant
, pp. 57–59.

  
10
.
    
La France a sauvé le monde
, I, pp. 506–539.

  
11
.
    
Sauvy, T. quoted op. cit., pp. 95–96.

  
12
.
    
Letter to Édouard Bonnefous, in Bonnefous, op. cit., Vol. VI, p. 424.