Freedom's Forge (58 page)

  9
. Angela Clawson,
Shipyard Diary of a Woman Welder
(New York: Penguin Books, 1944), 59.

10
. Kaiser Papers: J. N. Bowman, “Job Descriptions, Kaiser Shipyards, Richmond, California,” Carton 1.

11
. Clawson,
Shipyard Diary
, 64.

12
. Foster,
Kaiser
, 72–73.

13
. Lane,
Ships for Victory
, 140.

14
.
Fortune
, July 1943, 121.

15
.
Fortune
, July 1943.

16
. HAER, 58–59.

17
. Kaiser Papers: Kramer, “The Story of the Richmond Shipyards,” 14–15.

18
. Lane,
Ships for Victory
, 144.

19
. U.S. House of Representatives, Appropriations Committee, Higgins Contracts, Executive Hearings, Part 3, 252–53.

20
. Lane,
Ships for Victory
, 145.

21
. Lane,
Ships for Victory
, 298.

22
. HAER, 162–63.

23
. Foster,
Kaiser
, 299, n. 42.

24
. Foster,
Kaiser
, 82.

25
. HAER, 62.

26
. “How Kaiser Builds Liberty Ships,”
American Machinist
, November 12, 1942, 1299–1306.

27
. “How Kaiser Builds,” 1303.

28
. “How Kaiser Builds,” 1302–6.

29
. HAER, 101–2.

30
. Kramer, “Richmond Shipyards,” 23–25.

31
. Bunker,
Liberty Ships
, 12.

32
. Quoted in Heiner,
Kaiser
, 129.

33
. Heiner,
Kaiser
, 128.

34
. Davis,
FDR: The War President
, 616.

35
. Kaiser Papers: Clay Bedford folder.

36
. Heiner,
Kaiser
, 129.

37
. Kaiser Papers: “Hull No 440 … and Why,”
Fore N Aft
, November 12, 1942.

38
. HAER, 60.

39
. Heiner,
Kaiser
, 130.

40
. Heiner,
Kaiser
, 130.

41
. Heiner,
Kaiser
, 131.

42
. Kaiser Papers: Clay Bedford to Henry Kaiser, November 9, 1942, Crate 25, File 26.

43
. “Hull No 440 … and Why.”

44
. Heiner,
Kaiser
, 131.

45
. Kaiser Papers: OPM.

46
. Foster,
Kaiser
, 84.

47
. Sawyer and Mitchell,
The Liberty Ships
, 132.

  1
.
Time
, January 19, 1942, 11–12.

  2
. Nelson,
Arsenal of Democracy
208.

  3
. Cabell Phillips,
The 1940s: Decade of Triumph and Trouble
(New York: Macmillan, 1975), 144.

  4
. Davis,
FDR: The War President
.

  5
. Quoted in Catton,
War Lords
, 117.

  6
. E.g., Brinkley,
Washington Goes to War
, 69–70; Blum,
V Was for Victory
, 121–22.

  7
. Brinkley,
Washington Goes to War
, 71.

  8
. Fleming,
New Dealers’ War
, 101–2.

  9
. Nelson,
Arsenal of Democracy
, 208.

10
. Quoted in Catton,
War Lords
, 112–13.

11
. Perret,
Days of Sadness
, 258.

12
. Nelson,
Arsenal of Democracy
, 60.

13
. Nelson,
Arsenal
, 60.

14
. Davis,
FDR: The War President
, 400.

15
. Catton,
War Lords
, 121.

16
. Catton,
War Lords
.

17
. Quoted in Blum,
V Was for Victory
, 133.

18
. Nelson,
Arsenal of Democracy
, 99.

19
. Blum,
V Was for Victory
, 134–35.

20
. Catton,
War Lords
, 117–18.

21
. Brinkley,
Washington Goes to War
, 112.

22
. Gropman,
The Big “L,”
82–91; Beasley,
Knudsen
, 381.

23
. Harrison, “Resource Mobilization for World War II,” 184.

24
. Charles Hyde,
Riding the Roller Coaster: A History of the Chrysler Corporation
(Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2003), 137.

25
. Green and Brown,
M4 Sherman at War
, 30–32.

26
. Beasley,
Knudsen
, 355–56.

27
.
Time
, March 23, 1942, 12.

28
. Walton,
Miracle of World War II
, 397.

29
. Walton,
Miracle of World War II
, 48.

30
. Rae,
Climb to Greatness
, 9, 67.

31
. Bill Yenne,
The American Aircraft Factory in World War II
(Minneapolis: Zenith Press, 2010), 80.

32
. Yenne,
Aircraft Factory
, 86.

33
. Rae,
Climb to Greatness
, 145.

34
. Buhite and Levy,
FDR’s Fireside Chats
, 243.

35
. Walton,
Miracle of World War II
, 380–83; Gropman,
The Big “L,”
78–79.

36
. Jerry Strahan,
Andrew Jackson Higgins and the Boats That Won World War II
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1994), 11–12; Holland M. Smith,
Coral and Brass
(1948; Washington, DC: U.S. Marine Corps, 1991), 90–91.

37
. Strahan,
Higgins
, 93–94.

38
. Strahan,
Higgins
, 143–44.

39
. Strahan,
Higgins
, 144.

40
.
Life
, August 1943.

41
. Nelson,
Arsenal of Democracy
, 361.

42
. Nelson,
Arsenal of Democracy
, 362.

43
. Nelson,
Arsenal of Democracy
, 354; Walton,
Miracle of World War II
, 541; Gropman,
The Big “L,”
69.

44
. Minutes, War Production Board, 54–56; Nelson,
Arsenal of Democracy
, 353–58.

45
. Walton,
Miracle of World War II
, 419; Nelson,
Arsenal of Democracy
, 355.

46
. Walton,
Miracle of World War II
, 420.

47
. Hyde,
Roller Coaster
, 137.

  1
.
Time
, April 28, 1941, 77–78.

  2
. Foster,
Kaiser
, 302.

  3
. Jones,
Fifty Billion Dollars
, 331–32.

  4
. Jones,
Fifty Billion Dollars
, 333.

  5
. Heiner,
Kaiser
, 173.

  6
. Foster,
Kaiser
, 95.

  7
. Heiner,
Kaiser
, 172.

  8
. Heiner,
Kaiser
, 174.

  9
. Wolf,
Big Dams
, 181.

10
. Quoted in Heiner,
Kaiser
, 174.

11
. Walton,
Miracle of World War II
, 421.

12
. Heiner,
Kaiser
, 175–76.

13
.
Fortune
, October 1943, 122.

14
. Gerald D. Nash,
World War II and the West
(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press), 4–5.

15
. Allan Nevins,
Ford: Decline and Rebirth
(New York: Scribner, 1963), 199.

16
. Nelson,
Arsenal of Democracy
, 277.

17
. Janeway,
Struggle for Survival
, 195.

18
. Beasley,
Knudsen
, 260.

19
. Davis,
Detroit’s Wartime Industry
, 45.

20
. Quoted in Finney,
Arsenal of Democracy
.

21
. Walton,
Miracle of World War II
, 237; Clive,
State of War
, 22.

22
. Nelson,
Arsenal of Democracy
, 228–29.

23
. Walton,
Miracle of World War II
, 237.

24
. Nevins,
Ford: Decline and Rebirth
, 203–4.

25
. Nevins,
Ford: Decline and Rebirth
, 207.

26
. Nevins, Ford:
Decline and Rebirth
, 208.

27
. Overy,
How the Allies Won
, 195.

28
. Sorensen,
Forty Years with Ford
, 279.

29
. Sorensen,
Forty Years with Ford
, 59–61.

30
. Hounshell,
American System
, 224–25.

31
. Sorensen,
Forty Years with Ford
, 127.

32
. Hounshell,
American System
.

33
. Jasper Guinon to Charles Sorensen, March 8, 1925, quoted Hounshell,
American System
, 292.

34
. Sorensen,
Forty Years with Ford
, 8.

35
. Nevins,
Ford: Decline and Rebirth
.

36
. See Martin Bowman,
Combat Legend: B-24 Liberator
(Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing, 2003).

37
. Stephen Ambrose,
The Wild Blue: The Men and Boys Who Flew the B-24s over Germany
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 2001), 21–23, 79–80.

38
. Starr Smith, Steve Gansen, and Walter Cronkite,
Jimmy Stewart, Bomber Pilot
(Minneapolis: Zenith Press, 2005).

39
. Sorensen,
Forty Years with Ford
, 280.

40
. Sorensen,
Forty Years with Ford
, 281.

41
. Sorensen,
Forty Years with Ford
, 281.

42
. Sorensen,
Forty Years with Ford
, 281–82.

43
. Sorensen,
Forty Years with Ford
, 282–83.

44
. Rae,
Climb to Greatness
, 12.

45
. Sorensen,
Forty Years with Ford
, 284.

46
. Walton,
Miracle of World War II
, 307.

47
. Walton,
Miracle of World War II
, 308–9.

48
. Nevins,
Ford: Decline and Rebirth
, 189.

49
. Sorensen,
Forty Years with Ford
, 286.

50
. Nevins,
Ford: Decline and Rebirth
.

51
. Sorensen,
Forty Years with Ford
, 279.

  1
.
Time
, March 1942.

  2
. Nevins,
Ford: Decline and Rebirth
, 189.

  3
. Nevins,
Ford: Decline and Rebirth
, 189.

  4
. Sorensen,
Forty Years with Ford
, 284–85.

  5
. Nevins,
Ford: Decline and Rebirth
, 190.

  6
. Nevins,
Ford: Decline and Rebirth
, 192.

  7
. Sorensen,
Forty Years with Ford
, 286.

  8
. Timothy J. O’Callaghan,
Ford in Service to America: Mass Production During the Two World Wars
(Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2009), 60–61.

  9
. O’Callaghan,
Ford in Service to America
, 72–73.

10
. Charles A. Lindbergh,
The Wartime Journals of Charles A. Lindbergh
(New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1975), April 7, 1942, 615–16.

11
. Sorensen,
Forty Years with Ford
, 291.

12
. Davis,
Detroit at War
, 84.

13
. Nevins,
Ford: Decline and Rebirth
, 210.

14
. Nevins,
Ford: Decline and Rebirth
, 210–11.

15
. Lindbergh,
Wartime Journals
, April 7, 1942, 616.

16
. Lindbergh,
Wartime Journals
, 613.

17
. Nevins,
Ford: Decine and Rebirth
, 217.

18
. Lindbergh,
Wartime Journals
, May 8, 1942, 637.

19
. Lindbergh,
Wartime Journals
, 638.

20
. Nevins,
Ford: Decline and Rebirth
, 213.

21
. Lindbergh,
Wartime Journals
, May 15, 1942, 644.

22
. Sorensen,
Forty Years with Ford
, 298.

23
. Craven and Cate, Vol. 6,
Men and Planes
, 328–29.

24
. Lindbergh,
Wartime Journals
, July 27, 1942, 682.

25
. Beasley,
Knudsen
, 351.

26
. Borth,
Masters of Mass Production
, 91–92.

27
. Borth,
Masters of Mass Production
, 91.

28
. Beasley,
Knudsen
, 351.

29
. Lewis Strauss,
Men and Decisions
(New York: Popular Library, 1963), 143.

30
. Beasley,
Knudsen
, 347.

31
. Beasley,
Knudsen
, 288.

32
. Craven and Cate, Vol. 6,
Men and Planes
, 335–36.

33
. Craven and Cate, Vol. 6,
Men and Planes
, 336.

34
. Walton,
Miracle of World War II
, 312.